1. ALL ABOUT GREEN MISHA GUPTA PGDM 2 IB PRESENTATION

2. WHAT IS GREEN  Green, the color of life, renewal, nature, and energy, is associated with meanings of growth, harmony, freshness, safety, fertility, and environment.  The color green has healing power and is understood to be the most restful and relaxing color for the human eye to view.  The color green affects us physically and mentally in several different ways. Green is soothing, relaxing, and youthful.  The green color is often used to indicate safety in the advertising of drugs and medical products. Green is directly related to nature and energy, so it is also commonly used to represent and promote ‘green’ products.  Green gemstones are believed to help create balance, promote change or growth, increase feelings of hopefulness and optimism, and break the emotional demands of others.

3. GREEN IN RELIGIONS  Green is the national color of Ireland and is commonly associated with good luck, leprechauns, clovers.  Green also has close ties with Islam.  Green is the sacred color of Islam and is a sign of respect and veneration.  In the Muslim world, Green signifies the Prophet Muhammad  In England green has heroic meanings and is connected to the stories of Robin Hood.  In China Green represents disgrace.  In North Africa Green symbolizes corruption.  In Japan Green signifies eternal life.

4. OTHER MEANINGS OF GREEN  The term “green-eyed monster” refers to a jealous person and the term “green with envy” stands for feelings of jealousy and envy.  The phrase “green room” refers to the room in a theater or television studio where the guests, experts, or performers go to relax.  The term “greenback” refers to the United States dollar bill.  Olive green and several green shades and tints used in camouflage gear have a strong military meaning.  Too much green can cause people to become placid, lazy, slow, moody, depressed, and lethargic. Too little green can cause feelings of apathy and fear of rejection.

5. USE OF GREEN IN POPULAR CULTURE  A traffic light switched to Green means 'GO'.  Christmas colors are Red and Green.  Currently much of the world is concerned with conserving energy, 'Going Green' and developing sources of 'Green Energy‘.  Green is the color associated with the Astrological sign of Cancer.  In Eastern philosophy Green is associated with the Heart Chakra at the center of the chest which rules our ability to love and empathize.  In the movie business, a project which is approved gets 'Green Lighted‘.

6. A STEP TOWARDS GREEN TOMORROW  We all want to protect our planet, but we're mostly too busy or too lazy to put up big change that would improve our lifestyle and save the environment. These are 7 simple habits to implement in your everyday life which will make a difference.  Use compact fluorescent light bulbs.  Donate.  Turn off your devices.  Walk or cycle.  Detergent.  leaky faucets.  Rainwater.

7. GLOBAL CONCERNS  What are we doing wrong? Mostly the problem is destruction of habitat by:  industrial pollution  mining  farming  transporting species into habitats where they had not been

8.  What are some of the consequencies ?  One billion people have inadequate sanitation  One and a half billion people (mostly in large cities of newly industrialized countries) breath air that is dangerously unhealthy  Hundreds of millions of poor farmers struggle to make a living on poor land  Whole countries are on the verge of famine

9.  The human species needs food and water. We need energy. But we also need to protect the ecosystem niches that make survival of our species possible. Beyond that, we need to protect the niches for other species too. Why do niches need protection?  It's not nice to try to fool Mother Nature  Environmental hazards are dangerous  Moral obligation  The United Nations World Conservation Monitoring Center predicts that 25% of all the earth's species of mammals may become extinct in the next 30 years. Over 10% of the bird species face extinction in that time. United Nations World Conservation Monitoring Center

10. ENVIRONMENTALISM AND POLITICS  World population is now at 6 billion. Over a 100-years, the world population has tripled and the growth seems to be continuing at the same rate. How long can the human species sustain such growth?

11.  The really frightening prospect is the rapid pace of industrialization in many Third World countries where unregulated industries expand to serve the growth of the already huge populations. . China has 1.2 billion people. India has about 1 billion people. What will world pollution be like when countries like these become fully industrialized and modernized?  In May 2002, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) released an extensive report saying that, “there was a growing gap between the efforts to reduce the impact of business and industry on nature and the worsening state of the planet” and that “this gap is due to the fact that only a small number of companies in each industry are actively integrating social and environmental factors into business decisions.” (The actual quote is from a U.N. News Centre article, 15 May 2002 that introduces the report.)reportarticle

12.  One sharp example of environmental problems caused by multinational corporations, is the drive to extract oil from Nigeria.Nigeria  The interests of the various big polluters, such as the auto, mining, oil and chemical corporations influenced the Kyoto Global Climate Change Conference outcome.oilinfluencedKyoto Global Climate Change Conference  And with biotechnology and genetically engineered food production, companies are accused of following a profit motive even as they promote the technology as a means to address world hunger.genetically engineered food  With increased consumerism, there has been a rise in the number of environmental groups campaigning on various issues such as environmentally friendly products.

13. STATISTICS

14.  The estimated cost of global environmental damage caused by human activity in 2008 is $6.6 trillion, which is equivalent to 11 percent of global GDP, according to a study released by the UN- backed Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) and the UN Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI).  The study also finds that the top 3,000 public companies were responsible for $2.15 trillion, or about one-third, of all global environmental damage.  The UN groups say the study, conducted by Trucost, is an initial effort to quantify in monetary terms the environmental harm caused by business and the possible future consequences for investor portfolios, fund returns and company earnings.

15.  Another key finding of the study reveals that the most environmentally damaging business sectors are utilities, oil and gas producers, as well as industrial metals and mining.  Those three accounted for almost a trillion dollars worth of environmental harm in 2008.  “This report sends a powerful message that the environment is also the business of business. Polluters must pay. Safeguarding the environment and using our natural assets efficiently entail collective action.  Cohesive policy and regulation is required to fully account for externalities and speed up the integration of material environmental issues into investment decisions.

17. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION  Earth’s atmosphere is divided into three regions, namely troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere (see Figure 9.1). The stratosphere extends from 10 to 50 kms from the Earth’s surface. This region is concentrated with slightly pungent smelling, light bluish ozone gas. The ozone gas is made up of molecules each containing three atoms of oxygen; its chemical formula is O3. The ozone layer, in the stratosphere acts as an efficient filter for harmful solar Ultraviolet B (UV-B) rays.

18. EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION  Effects on Human and Animal Health : Increased penetration of solar UV-B radiation is likely to have high impact on human health with potential risks of eye diseases, skin cancer and infectious diseases.  Effects on Terrestrial Plants : In forests and grasslands, increased radiation is likely to change species composition thus altering the bio-diversity in different ecosystems. It could also affect the plant community indirectly resulting in changes in plant form, secondary metabolism, etc.

19.  Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems : High levels of radiation exposure in tropics and subtropics may affect the distribution of phytoplanktons, which form the foundation of aquatic food webs. It can also cause damage to early development stages of fish, shrimp, crab, amphibians and other animals, the most severe effects being decreased reproductive capacity and impaired larval development.  Effects on Bio-geo-chemical Cycles : Increased solar UV radiation could affect terrestrial and aquatic bio-geo- chemical cycles thus altering both sources and sinks of greenhouse and important trace gases, e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl sulfide (COS), etc. These changes would contribute to biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks responsible for the atmosphere build-up of these greenhouse gases.

20.  Effects on Air Quality : Reduction of stratospheric ozone and increased penetration of UV- B radiation result in higher photo dissociation rates of key trace gases that control the chemical reactivity of the troposphere. This can increase both production and destruction of ozone and related oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, which are known to have adverse effects on human health, terrestrial plants and outdoor materials.

21. OZONE DEPLETION COUNTER MEASURES  International cooperation, agreement (Montreal Protocol) to phase out ozone depleting chemicals since 1974  Tax imposed for ozone depleting substances.  Ozone friendly substitutes- HCFC (less ozone depleting potential and shorter life).  Recycle of CFCs and Halons.

22. GLOBAL WARMING  Over the last 100 years, it was found out that the earth is getting warmer and warmer, unlike previous 8000 years when temperatures have been relatively constant. The present temperature is 0.3 - 0.6 oC warmer than it was 100 years ago.  SOURCES OF GREEN HOUSE ARE :  Carbondioxide  methane

23. GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS  GWPs measure the influence greenhouse gases have on the natural greenhouse effect, including the ability of greenhouse gas molecules to absorb or trap heat and the length of time, greenhouse gas molecules remain in the atmosphere before being removed or broken down. In this way, the contribution that each greenhouse gas has towards global warming can be assessed.  Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability to absorb heat in the atmosphere. HFCs and PFCs are the most heat-absorbent. Methane traps over 21 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide absorbs 270 times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide. Conventionally, the GWP of carbon dioxide, measured across all time horizons, is 1. The GWPs of other greenhouse gases are then measured relative to the GWP of carbon dioxide. Thus GWP of methane is 21 while GWP of nitrous oxide is 270.

24.  Other greenhouse gases have much higher GWPs than carbon dioxide, but because their concentration in the atmosphere is much lower, carbon dioxide is still the most important greenhouse gas, contributing about 60% to the enhancement of the greenhouse effect.

25. GLOBAL WARMING IMPLICATIONS  Rise in global temperature  Rise in sea level  Food shortages and hunger  India could be more at risk than other countries

26. LOSS OF BIO DIVERSITY  Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on earth, and its biological diversity.  Biodiversity actually boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play and that it is in this combination that enables the ecosystem to possess the ability to prevent and recover from a variety of disasters.

27. LINK BETWEEN CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIO DIVERSITY  Climate change is affecting species already threatened by multiple threats across the globe. Habitat fragmentation due to colonization, logging, agriculture and mining etc. are all contributing to further destruction of terrestrial habitats.  Individual species may not be able to adapt. Species most threatened by climate change have small ranges, low population densities, restricted habitat requirements and patchy distribution.  Ecosystems will generally shift northward or upward in altitude, but in some cases they will run out of space – as 10C change in temperature correspond to a 100 Km change in latitude, hence, average shift in habitat conditions by the year 2100 will be on the order of 140 to 580 Km.

28.  Coral reef mortality may increase and erosion may be accelerated. Increase level of carbon dioxide adversely impact the coral building process (calcification).  Sea level may rise, engulfing low-lying areas causing disappearance of many islands, and extinctions of endemic island species.  Invasive species may be aided by climate change. Exotic species can out-compete native wildlife for space, food, water and other resources, and may also prey on native wildlife.  Droughts and wildfires may increase. An increased risk of wildfires due to warming and drying out of vegetation is likely.

29. CLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEM AND RESPONSE  The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC  The convention’s overall objective is the stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”  The deciding body of the climate convention is the Conference of Parties (COP).  At the COP meetings, obligations made by the parties are examined and the objectives and implementation of the climate convention are further defined and developed.

30.  The Kyoto Protocol  Negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specify, legally binding reductions in emissions of six greenhouse gases. The 6 major greenhouse gases covered by the protocol are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur xafluoride (SFhe 6).  The Protocol states that developed countries are committed, individually or jointly, to ensuring that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of greenhouse gases do not exceed amounts assigned to each country with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.  The amounts for each country are listed as percentages of the base year, 1990 and range from 92% (a reduction of 8%) for most European countries--to 110% (an increase of 10%) for Iceland. 

31.  The Kyoto Protocol does call on all Parties (developed and developing) to take a number of steps to formulate national and regional programs to improve "local emission factors," activity data, models, and national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks that remove these gases from the atmosphere. All Parties are also committed to formulate, publish, and update climate change mitigation and adaptation measures, and to cooperate in promotion and transfer of environmentally sound technologies and in scientific and technical research on the climate system.  Who is bound by the Kyoto Protocol?  The Kyoto Protocol has to be signed and ratified by 55 countries (including those responsible for at least 55% of the developed world's 1990 carbon dioxide emissions) before it can enter into force. Now that Russia has ratified, this been achieved and the Protocol will enter into force on 16 February 2005.

32.  Indian Response to Climatic Change Under the UNFCCC, developing countries such as India do not have binding GHG mitigation commitments in recognition of their small contribution to the greenhouse problem as well as low financial and technical capacities. The Ministry of Environment and Forests is the nodal agency for climate change issues in India. It has constituted Working Groups on the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. Work is currently in progress on India's initial National Communication (NATCOM) to the UNFCCC. India ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002.

33. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT  Solid wastes are traditionally described as residual products, which represent a cost when one has to resort to disposal.  Management of waste encompasses a complex set of potential impacts on human health and safety, and the environment. The impacts, although the type of hazards may be similar, should be distinguished for three distinct types of operation:  handling and storage at the waste producer  collection and transportation  sorting, processing and disposal.

34.  Why Solid Waste Management?  Solid waste management becomes necessary and relevant when the structure of the society changes from agricultural with low-density and widespread population to urban, high-density population.  industrialization has introduced a large number of products which nature cannot, or can only very slowly, decompose or digest.  Hence, certain industrial products contain substances which, due to low degradability or even toxic characteristics, may build up in nature to levels representing a threat to humanity’s future use of the natural resources - that is, drinking water, agricultural soil, air and so on.

35. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT INCLUDES  studies and estimates on waste composition and amounts  studies on collection techniques  studies on processing and disposal facilities  studies on prevention of pollution of the natural environment  studies on occupational health and safety standards  feasibility studies.

36. ActivityWaste description Industry Product residues Default products Wholesale Default products Retail Transport packaging Default products Organics (from food processing) Food waste Consumer Transport packaging Retail packaging (paper, glass, metal, plastics, etc.) Kitchen waste (organics) Hazardous waste (chemicals, oil) Bulky waste (used furniture) etc. Garden waste Construction and demolition Concrete, bricks, iron, soil, etc. Infrastructure activities Park waste Street cleaning waste Clinkers, ashes and flue gas from energy production Sewage sludge Hospital waste Waste processing Rejects from sorting facilities Clinkers, ashes and flue gas cleaning products from incineration

37. STAGES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT  separation at source into specific waste fraction depending on material characteristics  temporary storage at the waste producer in bins, sacks, containers or in bulk  collection and transportation by vehicle:  manual, horse team, motorized and so on  open platform, closed truck body, compacting unit and so on  transfer station: compaction and reloading to larger transport units  recycling and/or waste processing facilities  waste processing:

38.  manual or mechanical sorting out into different material fractions for recycling  processing of presorted waste fractions to secondary raw materials  processing for new (raw) materials  incineration for volume reduction and/or energy recovery  anaerobic digestion of organics for production of soil conditioner, fertilizer and energy (biogas)  composting of organics for production of soil conditioner and fertilizer

39.  waste disposal:  landfill, which should be designed and located to prevent migration of polluted water (landfill leachate), especially into drinking water resources (groundwater resources, wells and rivers).

40. SUSTAINABLE DEVELPOMENT  Sustainable development is often defined as 'development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'.  Sustainable development encompasses three basic and inter-related objectives:  Economic security and prosperity  Social development and advancement  Environmental sustainability

41.  Sustainable development demands that we seek ways of living, working and being that enable all people of the world to lead healthy, fulfilling, and economically secure lives without destroying the environment and without endangering the future welfare of people and the planet.  Sustainable development as applied to energy and environment should consider the following:  inputs - such as fuels and energy sources, land and raw materials - are non-renewable they should be used up only as far as they can be substituted in future  where they are renewable they should be used up at a rate within which they can be renewed,  outputs - in production and consumption - should not overstrain ecosystems or the assimilation capacity of the ecosphere.

42. CARBON TRADING  Carbon trading is currently the central pillar of the Kyoto Protocol and other international agreements aimed at slowing climate change.  Carbon trading has both proponents and critics but is increasingly coming in for criticism, not least because CO 2 emissions in industrialised countries have continued to rise rather than drastically drop as a result of energy infrastructure changes.  FERN believes that carbon trading is a dangerous distraction from the important task of ending industrial use of fossil fuel and moving to a low carbon future

43.  FERN focuses its campaigns on highlighting actions that the EU must take at home to ensure its carbon footprint is drastically reduced and it achieves its stated aim of keeping climate change below 2C.  FERN also believes that carbon trading becomes even more dangerous when it involves carbon offset projects - as is currently the case for all existing and planned carbon trading or 'cap-and-trade' schemes.  As the EU debates climate and energy measures for 2030, FERN releases new evidence which shows that calculating emissions by lumping carbon emissions from fossil fuels together with those created by terrestrial sources hinders efforts to combat climate change.

44.  FERN's contribution to the EU's upcoming discussion on the 2015 climate agreement. It highlights the importance of fighting the root causes of deforestation, of addressing forest governance, and of dealing with reducing fossil fuel consumption through direct regulatory policies rather than through carbon markets.

45. WHAT MAKES A PRODUCT GREEN ?

49. GREEN PRODUCTS

52. GREEN TECHNOLOGY  The term "technology" refers to the application of knowledge for practical purposes.  The field of "green technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products.  The present expectation is that this field will bring innovation and changes in daily life of similar magnitude to the "information technology" explosion over the last two decades. In these early stages, it is impossible to predict what "green technology" may eventually encompass.

53.  The goals that inform developments in this rapidly growing field include:  Sustainability - meeting the needs of society in ways that can continue indefinitely into the future without damaging or depleting natural resources. In short, meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.  "Cradle to cradle" design - ending the "cradle to grave" cycle of manufactured products, by creating products that can be fully reclaimed or re-used.  Source reduction - reducing waste and pollution by changing patterns of production and consumption.  Innovation - developing alternatives to technologies - whether fossil fuel or chemical intensive agriculture - that have been demonstrated to damage health and the environment.  Viability - creating a center of economic activity around technologies and products that benefit the environment, speeding their implementation and creating new careers that truly protect the planet. 

54. GREEN TECHNOLOGY AREAS  Energy Perhaps the most urgent issue for green technology, this includes the development of alternative fuels, new means of generating energy and energy efficiency.  Green building Green building encompasses everything from the choice of building materials to where a building is located.  Environmentally preferred purchasing This government innovation involves the search for products whose contents and methods of production have the smallest possible impact on the environment, and mandates that these be the preferred products for government purchasing.  Green chemistry The invention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.  Green nanotechnology Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the scale of the nanometer, one billionth of a meter. Some scientists believe that mastery of this subject is forthcoming that will transform the way that everything in the world is manufactured. "Green nanotechnology" is the application of green chemistry and green engineering principles to this field.

55. PRESENT TECHNOLOGIES  3-D PRINTER  3D printers are nothing new – but how about a printer that can whip up entire life-size stone buildings?! That’s exactly what designer Enrico Dini‘s prototype D-Shape printer does. Instead of ink, the device uses layers of sand, and Dini reports that the process is four times faster than conventional building, costs about one-third to one-half the price of Portland cement, and creates much less waste. Enrico Diniprototype D-Shape printer

56.  TRANSPARENT SOLAR SPRAY  Photovoltaic panels transform the sun’s rays into energy we can use, but they’re bulky and not the most attractive in terms of design. Well one Norwegian company called EnSol AS has cast aside the notion that PVs need to take up extra space — or even be in a solid state. They’ve developed a remarkable new spray-on solar film consisting of metal nanoparticles embedded in a transparent composite matrix that allows you to turn ordinary windows into solar panels. The best part? The spray is clear so you can still see right through your windows!EnSol AS

57.  While other green tech companies look to outside sources like the sun and wind when they think about alternative power, POWERleap decided to completely flip the script by tapping the energy inside – of ourselves! Their piezoelectric floor tiling system that converts the energy from human foot traffic into electricity could be applied to train stations, sidewalks or even inside homes to harness the wasted energy from our footsteps into power for the grid.POWERleap  POWELEAP HARNESS ENERGY WITH FOOT STEPS

58. ISO 14000 : ENVIRONMENT STANDARDS  The ISO 14000 family addresses various aspects of environmental management.  It provides practical tools for companies and organizations looking to identify and control their environmental impact and constantly improve their environmental performance.  ISO 14001:2004 and ISO 14004:2004 focus on environmental management systems. The other standards in the family focus on specific environmental aspects such as life cycle analysis, communication and auditing.

59. ISO 14001:2004  ISO 14001:2004 sets out the criteria for an environmental management system and can be certified to. It does not state requirements for environmental performance, but maps out a framework that a company or organization can follow to set up an effective environmental management system. It can be used by any organization regardless of its activity or sector. Using ISO 14001:2004 can provide assurance to company management and employees as well as external stakeholders that environmental impact is being measured and improved.

60.  The benefits of using ISO 14001:2004 can include:  Reduced cost of waste management  Savings in consumption of energy and materials  Lower distribution costs  Improved corporate image among regulators, customers and the public  Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) also benefit from ISO 14001:2004. However, implementing an environmental management system in SMEs can be challenging. The publication ISO 14001, Environmental Management Systems - An easy to use checklist for small business, will help SMEs to achieve the benefits of implementing an environmental management system based on ISO 14001.

61.  ISO 14001 helps meet legal requirements and improve environmental performance but new version should take a broader perspective - users say ISO 14001 helps meet legal requirements and improve environmental performance but new version should take a broader perspective - users say  A recent survey of the environmental management system standard ISO 14001 covering its future content and its current benefits, which received over 5000 responses, found that it is particularly useful in meeting legal requirements and improving environmental performance. However, a clearer focus on preventing pollution, eco efficiency and life cycle thinking should be provided in the next version of the standard.

62. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS AND PROTOCOLS  United nations framework convention on climate change.  The KYOTO protocol to convention on climate change.  Convention on biological diversity.  Cartagana protocol on biosafety.  Vienna convention for the protection of ozone layer.  Montreal protocol on substances that deplete ozone layer.  Basel convention on the control of transboundary movement of hazardous wastes.  International convention to combat drought and desertification.

63.  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  The Ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is to achieve the stabilisation of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at a level which would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. The convention was adopted on 9 May 1992 and was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. Mauritius signed the Convention at the Earth Summit and was the first country to ratify it.

64.  2.The Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate change  The Kyoto Protocol puts an obligation on industrialised countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% below 1990 level in the commitment period 2008 - 2012.  3.Convention on Biological Diversity  The objectives of this convention are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources, including appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies.

65.  4.The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety  The objective of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specifically focusing on transboundary movements.  5.Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer  The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer provides for Parties to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify the ozone layer.

66.  6.The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer  The Montreal Protocol on substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a Protocol under the Vienna Convention. This protocol controls the production and consumption of the most commercially and environmentally significant ozone- depleting substances. One feature that makes the Montreal Protocol unique is Article 6 which requires the Protocol's control measures to be renewed at least every four years.  7.United Nations Convention to combat Desertification  The objection of the Convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing these scourges particularly in Africa. The Convention lays basic principles for long-term integrated strategies that focus simultaneously, in affected areas, an improved productivity of land and the rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources, leading to improved living conditions, in particular at community level.

67.  8. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and the Disposal entered into force on 5 May 1992. The main objectives of the Basel Convention are:-  (i) to reduce transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and other wastes to a minimum consistent with their environmentally sound management;  (ii) to treat and dispose of hazardous wastes and other wastes as close as possible to their source of generation in an environmentally sound way;  (iii) to minimize the generation of hazardous wastes and other wastes (in terms both of quantity and potential hazard).  The Basel Convention represents new norms, rules and procedures in law governing the movements and disposal of hazardous wastes at international as well as national levels. In this context, this instrument represents the intention of the international community to solve this global environmental problem in a collective manner. A regulatory system for the monitoring and control of the transboundary movements of hazardous wastes has been set up and is displayed in the full text of the Convention. Some of the key elements of the regulatory system of the Basel Convention are the prior informed consent, the prohibition to export to a country which is not Contracting Party to the Convention, legal provisions for duty to re-import and the responsibility of the States involved in the transboundary movements. 

68. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACTS  Atomic Energy Act  One of the first U.S. environmental initiatives was the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. This act set into motion a means to monitor and regulate the use of commercialized atomic energy. It is chiefly concerned with radioactive waste and nuclear safety for both industrialized and military use.

69.  Clean Air Act  The Clean Air Act of 1970 was the United State's first attempt to regulate air quality standards. The act itself sets general standards, which are themselves periodically reviewed, for air purity over United States soil. The act was vastly amended in 1990 with the intention of putting a greater responsibility on market forces such as industry and commercialism to ensure air quality.

70.  Clean Water Act  Much like the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act of 1972 asserts certain standards for U.S. Water quality; standards that are upheld by testing and maintenance requirements. The act has been amended several times to include the perils of toxic pollutants and oil spills.  Endangered Species Act  The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is a U.S. initiative dedicated to the recovery and preservation of threatened species of fish, wildlife, and plants in the United States. The law also includes the protection of the habitats in which endangered species live.

71.  National Environmental Policy Act  This landmark act of 1970 ignited the modern environmental protection movement. The act spawned broad environmental regulations and established the first President's Council on Environmental Quality. A paramount characteristic of this act was that it allowed for federal agencies to conduct inspections to assess the environmental collateral from all federally funded programs. In the years following this act, many states initiated similar protocols.

72.  The Kyoto Protocol  The Kyoto Protocol was a response to a worldwide acknowledgment of greenhouse gas emissions and their effects on global warming. The protocol is a well-known international accord that sets limits on the amount of greenhouse gases that industrialized countries produce. Hence the name, the Kyoto protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997. It also supplements the United Nations framework Convention on Climate Change that was adopted in 1992.  Montreal Protocol  The Montreal Protocol was adopted in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Signed by 150-plus countries, this international agreement was created to limit the output of substances such as chlorofluorocarbons and others that damage the stratospheric ozone layer.

73.  Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was created during the heart of the Cold War. It was created to limit and control the spread of nuclear weapons and materials, which threaten the Earth, its ecosystems and all lifeforms. In 1995 the treaty was extended to indefinite status and has been signed by more than 175 nations.

74. COPENHAGEN MEET DENMARK The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference raised climate change policy to the highest political level. Close to 115 world leaders attended the high- level segment, making it one of the largest gatherings of world leaders ever outside UN headquarters in New York. More than 40,000 people, representing governments, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, faith-based organizations, media and UN agencies applied for accreditation.

75.  It significantly advanced the negotiations on the infrastructure needed for effective global climate change cooperation, including improvements to the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol.  Significant progress was made in narrowing down options and clarifying choices needed to be made on key issues later on in the negotiations.  It produced the Copenhagen Accord, which expressed clear a political intent to constrain carbon and respond to climate change, in both the short and long term.

76. The Copenhagen Accord contained several key elements on which there was strong convergence of the views of governments. This included the long-term goal of limiting the maximum global average temperature increase to no more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, subject to a review in 2015. There was, however, no agreement on how to do this in practical terms. It also included a reference to consider limiting the temperature increase to below 1.5 degrees - a key demand made by vulnerable developing countries. Other central elements included:

77.  Developed countries' promises to fund actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to the inevitable effects of climate change in developing countries. Developed countries promised to provide US$30 billion for the period 2010-2012, and to mobilize long-term finance of a further US$100 billion a year by 2020 from a variety of sources.  Agreement on the measurement, reporting and verification of developing country actions, including a reference to "international consultation and analysis", which had yet to be defined.  The establishment of four new bodies: a mechanism on REDD-plus, a High-Level Panel under the COP to study implementation of financial provisions, the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund, and a Technology Mechanism.

78. THE CONVENTION  Recognized that there was a problem.  Sets a lofty but specific goal.  Puts the onus on developed countries to lead the way.  Directs new funds to climate change activities in developing countries.  Keeps tabs on the problem and what's being done about it.  Charts the beginnings of a path to strike a delicate balance.  Kicks off formal consideration of adaptation to climate change.

79. BIG COMPANIES GOING GREEN  Bank of America  Bank of America is proving that eco-friendly operations can coexist with business growth. According to their corporate website, the company reduced paper use by 32% from 2000-2005, despite a 24% growth in their customer base! Bank of America also runs an internal recycling program that recycles 30,000 tons of paper each year, good for saving roughly 200,000 trees for each year of the program’s operation. As if that weren’t enough, the company also offers employees a $3,000 cash back reward for buying hybrid vehicles. According to their corporate website

80.  General Electric  General Electric’s presence on this list might surprise you, but the steps they have taken toward green operations are undeniable. Since 2006, the company has sold over $12 billion of its Ecomagination products (including solar panels). For those who are still upset at GE’s polluting of the Hudson River with polychlorinated biphenyls, the company is also making headway on an ambitious cleanup of that area. Barring further setbacks, the river should be cleaned up to a much better state in just a couple of years!sold over $12 billion of its Ecomagination productsalso making headway on an ambitious cleanup

81.  Dupont  Dupont is another company that has drawn the ire of green advocates for many, many years. However, it now seems that they are taking strides toward more sustainable operations. In addition to drastically lowering its emissions of airborne carcinogens and greenhouse gases, Dupont has appointed an ex-Greenpeace head as an adviser to the board. And true to its word, the company successfully reduced greenhouse gas emissions during the 90′s by 63% – far ahead of the timetable set forth in the controversial Kyoto Protocol.drawn the ire of green advocates for many, many years appointed an ex-Greenpeace head

82.  McDonalds  Time was not long ago when McDonalds wouldn’t have come within striking distance of making this list. However, the increasing public shift toward greener living has sent a clear signal to the powers that be at the popular fast-food chain. Instead of ravaging the natural habitats of animals, McDonalds now works in close collaboration with PETA on systematically reforming its business practices to be more humane and friendly to the environment in which they operate.sent a clear signal to the powers that be

83. LINKS AND SOURCES  http://www.bourncreative.com/meaning-of-the- color-green/ http://www.bourncreative.com/meaning-of-the- color-green/  http://www.color-wheel-artist.com/meanings-of- green.htmL http://www.color-wheel-artist.com/meanings-of- green.htmL  http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/re ading-7-ways-to-protect-the- environment.php#.U838nkm6ZMs http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/re ading-7-ways-to-protect-the- environment.php#.U838nkm6ZMs  http://www.globalissues.org/article/55/corporatio ns-and-the-environment http://www.globalissues.org/article/55/corporatio ns-and-the-environment http://environment.gov.mu/English/Pages/Conventio ns/International-Conventions.aspx

84.  http://www.ehow.com/list_6506519_list- environmental-protocols.html http://www.ehow.com/list_6506519_list- environmental-protocols.html  http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vii/environmental- pollution-control/item/514-solid-waste- management-and-recycling http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-vii/environmental- pollution-control/item/514-solid-waste- management-and-recycling   http://www.fern.org/campaign/carbon- trading/what-carbon-trading http://www.fern.org/campaign/carbon- trading/what-carbon-trading  http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/environment/ http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/environment/

85. THANK YOU