1. Sustainable Sites

2. Heat Island Effect Intent: Reduce heat islands (thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped areas) to minimize impact on microclimate and human and wildlife habitat Natural Resources Canada

3. Heat Island Effect When this thermal image was taken, air temperatures were 80 degrees but surface temperatures reached 118 degrees Thermal Image of Atlanta, NASA Earth Observatory Web Page

4. Question Problems associated with heat island effect include: Human health and comfort Increased energy needs for cooling – The heat island effect is estimated to cost L.A. about $100 million per year in energy costs 1 Microclimate changes such as rainfall patterns – Monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between 20-40 miles downwind of cities, compared with upwind. 2 1.eetd.lbl.gov/HeatIsland/EnergyUse/ 2.Fuchs, Dale (2005-06-28). The Guardian.

5. Heat Island Effect Non-Roof Potential Technologies & Strategies: Provide a combination of the following strategies for the site hardscape: Shade within 5 years of occupancy Light-colored paving (with a solar reflective index [SRI] of at least 29) Open grid pavement systems

6. Heat Island Effect Non-Roof Potential Technologies & Strategies: Place parking spaces under cover (defined as underground, under deck, under roof, or under a building). Any roof used to shade or cover parking must have an SRI of at least 29. Automated Munich under-street parking, www.roadtraffic-technology.com

7. Tips from the Pros Definitions: Solar Reflectance/Albedo – The ratio of reflected solar energy to the incoming solar energy. A reflectance of 100% means that all of the energy striking a reflecting surface is reflected back into the atmosphere, and none of the energy is absorbed by the surface. SRI – The measure of a material’s ability to reject heat. It is calculated based on both emissivity and reflectance values. Black has a value of 0, and white has a value of 100, meaning that the lighter the color of the material, the higher the SRI.

8. Tips from the Pros Definitions: Emissivity – the ability of a material to emit heat by radiation. Reflectance – the fraction of incident radiation reflected by a material.

9. Potential Technologies & Strategies: Use roofing materials that have a high Solar Reflective Index (SRI) value. Install a vegetated (green) roof. Heat Island Effect - Roof Roof TypeSlopeSRI Low-Sloped Roof<2:1278 Steep-Sloped Roof>2:1229 Green Roof: Manulife Building Boston Sasaki Associates White TPO & metal roofs

10. Light Pollution Reduction

11. Intent: Eliminate light trespass from the building and site, improve night sky access and reduce development impact on nocturnal environments.

12. Light Pollution Reduction Potential Technologies & Strategies: For Interior Lighting Make sure the interior lighting is not exiting out the windows. OR Automatically control all non-emergency interior lighting to turn off during non- business hours. (Provide manual override capability for after hours use.)

13. Light Pollution Reduction AND For Exterior Lighting Only light areas for safety and comfort. Do not exceed the lighting power densities for exterior areas as defined in ASHRAE/IESNA Standards 90.1-2007.

14. Light Pollution Reduction The exterior lighting requirements include fixture cut-off requirements.

15. Light Pollution Reduction The exterior lighting requirements also include footcandle limits for the site boundary. 0.1

16. Light Pollution Reduction The specific requirements vary by project zone: LZ1 – Dark (Park and Rural Settings) LZ2 – Low (Residential Areas) LZ3 – Medium (Commercial/Industrial, High-Density Residential) LZ4 – High (Major City Centers, Entertainment Districts)

17. Tenant Design & Construction Guidelines (LEED-CS Only) Intent: To educate tenants about implementing sustainable design & construction for their tenant fit-out. Requirements: Provide a document, communicating: What’s green about the Core & Shell project and what are the project’s sustainability goals. Overview of LEED CI and how the attributes of the Core & Shell building may contribute to achievement of CI certification.

18. Tenant Design & Construction Guidelines (LEED-CS Only) Information that enables the tenant to coordinate their design, construction and potential LEED certification with the Core & Shell systems. Recommended strategies, products, materials and services.

19. Tenant Design & Construction Guidelines (LEED-CS Only) How can a LEED CS certified building help a CI project achieve certification? Site Selection: Select a LEED Certified Building (5 points) Optimize Energy Performance (daylighting & HVAC) Measurement & Verification (submetering) Tenant Space, Long Term Commitment (10 year min.) Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control (no smoking)

20. Tenant Design & Construction Guidelines (LEED-CS Only) How can a LEED CS Certified Building help a CI project achieve Certification? Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring (CO2 sensors/flow meters) Increased Ventilation (HVAC capacity) Controllability of Systems, Thermal Comfort (HVAC type) Daylight & Views (narrow floor-plate, windows, open plan) Innovation & Design (green housekeeping, education, etc.)

21. Environmental Site Assessment (LEED-Schools Only) Intent: To ensure that the site is assessed for environmental contamination and if contaminated, that the environmental contamination has been remediated to protect children’s health. Strategies: Conduct a Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment to determine if environmental contamination exists at site. If contamination is suspected conduct a Phase 2 Environmental Site Assessment. School sites contaminated by past use as a landfill are ineligible for LEED certification.

22. Joint Use of Facilities (LEED-Schools Only) Intent: To make the school a more integrated part of the community by enabling the building and its playing fields to be used for non-school events and functions. Strategies: Share use of auditorium, gymnasium, cafeteria, classrooms, playing fields, and/or parking. Provide space to the community for a commercial office, health clinic, community service center, police office, library, media center, parking lot, and/or a commercial business. Provide student access to non-school resources, similar to those listed under the first bullet above.

23. SSC1LEED Certified Design and Construction4 SSC2Building Exterior and Hardscape Management Plan 1 SSC 3Integrated Pest Management, Erosion Control and Landscape Management Plan 1 SSC 4Alternative Commuting Transportation3-15 SSC 5Site Development1 SSC 6Stormwater Quantity Control1 SSC 7.1-7.2Heat Island Reduction2 SSC 8Light Pollution Reduction1 LEED Credits – Sustainable Sites Existing Buildings Operations &Maintenance No Prerequisite, 26 points

24. Requirements: Show that the building has previously been LEED certified, either under LEED for New Construction, OR under LEED for Core & Shell in combination with >75% under LEED for Commercial Interiors. LEED EBOM LEED Certified Design & Construction

25. Intent: Employ an environmentally sensitive, low-impact building exterior and hardscape management plan that helps preserve surrounding ecological integrity. LEED EBOM Bldg Exterior and Hardscape Management Plan

26. Requirements: The plan must address all of the following operational elements that occur on the building and grounds, as applicable: maintenance equipment snow and ice removal cleaning of building exterior paints and sealants used on building exterior cleaning of sidewalks, pavement and other hardscape

27. LEED EBOM Bldg Exterior and Hardscape Management Plan Strategies: Encourage manual snow removal Employ ENERGY STAR and electric maintenance equipment Target exterior cleaning Require Green Seal certified exterior building cleaning products Require the use of environmentally benign salts for de-icing Require proper maintenance of sidewalks for pedestrians Require lower toxicity sealants and caulk for exterior applications Train personnel accordingly

28. LEED EBOM Integrated Pest Management, Erosion Control & Landscape Management Plan Intent: Perform pest control, erosion control, and landscape management in an environmentally sensitive manner.

29. LEED EBOM Integrated Pest Management, Erosion Control and Landscape Management Plan Strategies: Select native and adaptive species Apply pesticides only when needed Employ natural pest control measures Reduce erosion from the site by employing silt fences and retention ponds Require proper training for maintenance personnel Require feedback loops such that progress can be gauged Reduce water needed for vegetation irrigation

30. LEED EBOM Alternative Commuting Transportation Intent: Reduce commuting via single-occupant, conventionally fueled vehicles. Strategies: Telecommuting Compressed workweeks Mass transit Walking Carpools Vanpools Low-emitting or fuel-efficient or alternative-fuel vehicles. Bicycles

31. LEED EBOM Reduced Site Disturbance Requirements: Have in place native or adaptive vegetation covering a minimum of 25% of the site area, excluding the building footprint. Improving and/or maintaining off-site areas with native or adapted plants can contribute to this credit. Every 2 square feet off-site can be counted as 1 square foot on-site.

32. LEED EBOM Reduced Site Disturbance Strategies: Create a master site plan. Remove excess and unnecessary paver materials and hardscape. Replace with native and adaptive species.

33. Intent: To reduce the amount of runoff & increase infiltration. LEED EBOM Stormwater Management Requirements: Implement a stormwater management plan that requires the infiltration, collection and reuse of runoff or increases evapotranspiration (the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to the atmosphere).

34. Remember that there are synergies between stormwater management, energy reduction, and the heat island effect. By installing a green roof, the project team will increases its chances of achieving credits in multiple categories. Tips from the Pros Solaire project. Battery Park City, New York. Photo by birdw0rks

35. LEEDM Heat Island Effect: Non-Roof

36. Requirements: White roofs can become dirty and lose their ability to reflect the sun’s heat. Cleaning all SRI compliant roofing helps to maintain its performance. LEED EBOM Heat Island Effect: Roof

37. LEED EBOM Light Pollution Reduction Strategies: Since the building is existing, one option for O&M is to measure the night illumination levels at regularly spaced points around the perimeter of the property, taking the measurements with the building’s exterior and site lights both on and off. Illumination levels with the lights on must be less than 20% above the levels with the lights off. www.utahskies.org/lightpollution

38. Questions