1. Lecture 1 Sedef Akgüngör
Regional Economics
Lecture 1
Sedef Akgüngör

2. Class Objectives
The aim of the course is to explore and discuss the problem of regional economic disparities.
Theories of migration, location and regional economic growth will be introduced.
Techniques for analyzing aspects of the regional problem, including cost-benefit analysis, regional accounting, shift share analysis, multiplier analysis will be presented.
The course will cover current issues on regional economic policy and development particularly with respect to Turkey-EU relations.

4. Reading Materials
There is no specific textbook for the class, we will be using articles and reports as well as parts from a web text book :
Edgar M. Hoover and Frank Giarratani. An Introduction to Regional Economics (1999). The Web book of Regional Science. Regional Research Institute. West Virginia University. (
Additional Readings are available on the course web site.

5. Regional Economics
Economic systems are dynamic entities and they affect the well being of the ndividuals as well as social and political fabric.
Regional economics represents a framework within which spatial character of an economic system can be understood.
Regional science is a field of social science concerned with analytical approaches to problems that are specifically regional.

6. Location of economic activity ……
Location theory
Spatial economics
Location modelling
Transportation
Migration
Location of economic activity ……
Or any social science analysis that has a spatial dimension.

7. Origins of Regional Science
Founded in the late 1940s.
Wide variety of disciplines
To promote the “objective” and “scientific” analysis of settlement, industrial locaton and urban development
Regional Science Association was founded in 1954 to expand this science beyond the restrictive world of economics.

8. Regional Science is concerned with:
The determinants of industrial location
The regional economic impact of the arrival or departure of a firm
Immigration patterns
Regional specialization and exchange
Environmental impacts
Geographic association of economic and social conditions

9. Spatial character of Economics
What is where, why and so what?
What: refers to every type of economic activity
Where: refers to location and involves questions of proximity, concentration, dispersion and similarity/disparity of spatial patterns.
Why and so what refers to political implications.

10. Three Foundation Stones Underlying The Pattern of Economic Activity
1) Natural resource advantages
2) Economies of concentration
3) Transportation costs
Or more formally:
Imperfect factor mobility
Imperfect divisibility
Imperfect mobility of goods and services

11. Discussion
Why are some regions more developed than the others? What factors affect differences in regional development patterns??
Write down three most important reasons that first comes to your mind.

12. Analysis of Regions: Statistical Foundations
The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is defined and developed according to a number of basic principles.
Favors institutional breakdown – according to normative criteria and has three levels: NUTS 1, 2 and 3
Normative regions are the expression of a political will; according to the sizes of population necessary to carry out these tasks efficiently and economically, and according to historical, cultural and other factors;
Analytical (or functional) regions are defined according geographical criteria (e.g., altitude or type of soil) or using socio-economic criteria (e.g., homogeneity, complementarily or polarity of regional economies).

13. NUTS 2 Regions in Turkey

14. Ön Ulusal Kalkınma Planında belirlenen 12 öncelikli Düzey 2 Bölgesi

16. Ranking of Cities on Socioeconomic Development Indicators

23. Five cities with highest socioeconomic development index: İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Bursa, Kocaeli
Contribution to GDP: %21.3, %7.6, %7.5, %5.2, %7.6
Per capita GDP index: 143, 128, 150, 117, 191
Unemployment rate: %12.3, %14.8, %14.3, %8.8, %12.0
Five cities with lowest socioeconomic development index: Van, Ağrı, Mardin, Şanlı Urfa, Erzurum
Contribution to GDP : %1, %0.6, %1.2, %2.2, %1.0
Per capita GDP index : 35, 34, 46, 54, 50
Unemployment rate : %11, %1.7, %6.1, %10.8, %4.1

24. Cities According to Socioeconomic Development Index

25. Basic Questions
Some regions have higher income levels and better job prospects than the others.Why should this be so?
What factors determine the income level and job prospects of regions?

26. So then the next question is:
Is it possible to construct general models that can be used to explain the determinants of income and employment in all types of regions regardless of vast differences between them?

27. Two main routes have been taken , one based on the Keysnesian income-expenditure approach to modelling the national economy, and the other based on input-output analysis.

28. Kenesian Model
The Keynesian approach to modelling the regional economy is virtually identical to teh simplest open economy version of the keynesian income-expenditure model, the only difference being that all the expenditure variables refer to the regional or local economy instead of to nation. The model begins with the familiar income-expenditure identity:

29. Y=C+I+G+X-M I = I0 , G = G0 , X = X0 C = C0 + cDY M = M0 + mDY
Y : Regional income
C : Regional consumption
I : Regional investment
G : Government expenditure
X : Regional exports
M : Regional imports
I = I0 , G = G0 , X = X0
C = C0 + cDY
M = M0 + mDY
Where DY is disposable income and given by
DY = Y-tY
Where t is the rate of income tax
Y = k (C0 +I0+X0+M0)
Where,

30. k is the Keynesian regional multiplier and is given by:
k=1/ 1-(c-m)(1-t)
(c-m) =the marginal propensity to consume locally produced goods.
t= tax rate

31. The multiplier is clearly sensitive to changes in c - m, rising quite rapidly as it increases.
Since the marginal propensity to consume locally produced goods (c - m) has a crucial effect on the magnitude of the regional multiplier.

32. This model says that the regional income can be magnified by the Keynesian regional multiplier.
To obtain higher regional income, we wish to have a bigger multiplier.
The strategical implications from this model are to lower the income tax rate and promote the propensity to consume locally produced goods.
This model justifies the demand-side policies by showing that promoting the demand, consumption of locally produced goods in this case, can boost the regional economy.

33. These are the sorts of questions that regional economic models are designed to address.
Regional models vary tremendously in detail and complexity.
They range from very aggregative, demand-driven explanations based upon simplistic interpreations of the Keynesian macro model to more sophisticated approaches which allow for the supply side to respond to changes in capital and labour markets.

34. Export demand and cumulative growth model

35. This model says that if the world income grows, the region's exports will increase which will lead to the region's output to increase. The region will be more productive in production. Thus, the region's competitiveness will increase which will decrease the region's price and increase the exports. Another round of productivity increase and competitiveness increase begin.

36. Other cumulative growth models
Growth pole: Perroux (1950), Myrdal (1957), and Hirschman (1958) The theory says that if an indstry is subject to significant internal economies of scale, the firms grow quickly and will gain a competitive advantage over rivals and growth will be cumulative.
Localization economies: Localization economies result from the geographical concentration of plants in the same industry at the locality. Located close to each other, the firms with input-output ties can enjoy benefits, such as the low costs of transportation, quick exchange of information, ideas and knowledge, and the spillover effects of cross-fertilization. Clustering allows individual plants to specialize more than they would if firms are wildly apart. The increase in specialization will increase the productivity and competitiveness of the industry.

37. Regional Competitiveness
Economic growth; economic development and innovation
Economists have recognized the central importance of technological innovation for economic progress
Adam Smith “Wealth of Nations”
Marx’s model of capitalist economy
Marshall considers knowledge as chief engine in progress

38. THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS REPORT Growth Competitiveness Index
Technology Index
Macroeconomic Environment Index
Public Institutions Index
Macroeconomic
Stability Sub-Index
Contracts and
Law Sub-Index
Innovation Sub-Index
Technology Transfer Sub-Index
Country Credit
Rating
Corruption Sub-Index
Information & Communications Technology Sub-Index
Government
Waste
Kaynak: WEF, 2003

39. THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS REPORT Business Competitiveness Index
Company Operations & Strategy
Factor (Input) Conditions
Demand Conditions
Related and Supporting Industries
Context for Firm
Strategy and Rivalry
Kaynak: WEF, 2003

40. Business Competitiveness Rank
Türkiye (65,52)
Kaynak: WEF, 2003
Growth Competitiveness
Business Competitiveness Rank

41. National Innovation Capacity Index (2001)
Business Competitiveness index (2001)
Kaynak: WEF, 2003

42. National Innovation Capacity Index (2001)
GDP Per Capita (2001) (PPP)
Kaynak: WEF, 2003