1. RECTIFICATION

2. X-RAY CIRCUIT

3. Whenever the art of medicine is loved, there is also love for humanity. Hippocrates

4. RECTIFICATION PROCESS BY WHICH ALTERNATING CURRENT IS CHANGED TO PULSATING DIRECT CURRENT

5. ALTERNATING CURRENT 1 PHASE A/C ( UNRECTIFIED)- FREQUENCY 60 Hz

6. 60 POSITIVE PULSES/SEC 60 NEGATIVE PULSES/SEC

7. 60 POSITIVE PULSES 60 NEGATIVE PULSES 120 PULSES 60 FULL CYCLES

8. BATTERY – CURRENT OUTPUT STEADY D/C

9. D/C HALF WAVE RECTIFIED D/C HALF-WAVE – 60 POSITIVE PULSES/SEC NEGATIVE PULSES ARE SUPPRESSED 1 PULSE/CYCLE

10. D/C FULL WAVE RECTIFIED D/C HALF-WAVE – 120 POSITIVE PULSES/SEC 2 PULSES/CYCLE

11. D/C -3 PHASE 6 PULSE CURRENT D/C 3 PHASE 6 PULSE – 6 PULSES/CYCLE

12. D/C - 3 PHASE 12 PULSE D/C 3 PHASE 12 PULSE – 12 PULSES/CYCLE

13. DIODES OR VALVE TUBES HELP RECTIFY A/C CURRENT DIODE ELECTRONS VALVE TUBE

15. X-RAY TUBE FORWARD BIAS

16. REVERSE BIAS + - NO X-RAY

17. FORWARD vs REVERSE

18. RECTIFICATION TYPES ► HALF-WAVE ► FULL WAVE ► THREE PHASE SIX PULSE ► THREE PHASE TWELVE PULSE ► HIGH FREQUENCY SINGLE PHASE

19. RECTIFICATION NO RECTIFICATION HALF-WAVE FULL-WAVE

20. 3 PHASE RECTIFICATION

22. HIGH FREQUENCY RECTIFICATION

23. HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION

25. FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION

28. 3 PHASE 6 PULSE

29. 3 PHASE 12 PULSE

30. HIGH FREQUENCY

31. VOLTAGE RIPPLE ► HALF WAVE------------------- 100% ► FULL WAVE ------------------ 100% ► 3 PHASE 6 PULSE ----------- 13% ► 3 PHASE 12 PULSE ---------- 4% ► HIGH FREQUENCY ---------- <1%

32. RIPPLE 100%

33. RIPPLE-3 PHASE 13%

34. RIPPLE-HIGH FREQUENCY <1%

35. Home-made x-ray apparatus

36. CHECKING FAILURE OF RECTIFICATION SYSTEM ► SPINNING TOP TEST – 1 PHASE EQUIPMENT ► SYNCHRONOUS SPINNING TOP TEST- 3 PHASE WITH LONGER EXPOSURE TIMES ► OSCILLOSCOPE- 3 PHASE EQUIPMENT WITH SHORT EXPOSURE TIMES

37. SPINNING TOP TEST

39. RESULT OF SPINNING TOP TEST- 1 PHASE - DASHES

40. HALF- WAVE RECTIFICATION # OF DASHES = TIME (SEC) x 60 PULSES

41. FULL- WAVE RECTIFICATION # OF DASHES = TIME (SEC) x 120 PULSES

42. RESULT OF SYNCHRONOUS SPINNING TOP TEST-3PHASE ARC

43. 3 PHASE RECTIFICATION- LONGER EXPOSURE TIME DEG. OF ARC = 360°/ sec x TIME (sec)

44. UTILIZING OSCILLOSCOPE

45. UTILIZING OSCILLOSCOPE RECTIFIED SYSTEM