1. Construct Wall Framing
BCGCA3004B
Construct Wall Framing

3. Wall Framing Building Code of Australia states that
All timber framing is to be done in accordance with AS 1682
This is an all encompassing standard which details the allowable construction methods

4. Wall Frame Members
Parts of a frame perform specific functions - supporting live & dead loads - resist Racking Forces - resist Overturning Forces - resist Sliding Forces - resist Uplift Forces -Most members provide a face to accept linings (this means that member sizes may be limited)

5. Timbers Generally Used - Radiata Pine - Oregon (Douglas Fir) - Various Hardwood Species
Various combinations of -timbers, -engineered wood products -materials such as steel may be used WHY?

6. Galvanized Steel Strap Bracing
Engineered Timber (LVL) Lintels
Radiata Pine Studs
Structural Steel
Engineered Timber (I Beams) Deep Joists

7. Other more exotic Timbers such as Cypress Pine may be used. -Why?

8. Wall Frames Frames are classified into 2 categories
Load Bearing – They are structural frames, they transfer loads from roof or upper floor to the supporting floor frame. They can be either external or internal walls.
Non Load Bearing – - do not support any structural loads. - They support their own weight - Non structural loads doors and frame, kitchen cupboards, driers etc. - support some live loads eg Doors closing. Therefore there are some minimum requirements for theses AS cl 6.3.5

9. AS cl 6.3.5

10. Basic Frame Components
Refer page 187 TAFE Guide

11. Refer AS cl 6.1.2

12. Frame Member Functions
Plates
Horizontal members that form the top & bottom of the frame.
Bottom plate is usually 50mm for unseasoned timber 45mm for seasoned.
Top plate is usually the same section size as bottom plate.
For trussed roof top plates will be 75mm for unseasoned and 70mm for seasoned
Top plate may be made up by 2 x 38 (35)
Thicker top plates means that trusses or upper floor joists do not need to be placed direct over a stud

14. Plates AS cl 6.2.2

15. Studs Vertical members placed between the plates
The set the wall height
Studs in external frames resist Wind Loads
Generally Stud sizes are 75mm or 100mm wide by 50mm or 38mm in unseasoned timbers and 70mm or 90mm wide by 35mm or 45mm in seasoned timbers.
Required Stud sizes can be found in AS Supplements

16. Studs Continued Several Different types of Studs
- Common - Door & Window - Secondary Jamb Studs - Jack & Short

17. Trimmers Horizontal members fixed between window studs and door studs.
Referred to as Sill or Head trimmers
Usually of the same section size bottom plates
Openings wider than 1800mm require trimmers as specified in AS cl & table 6.3

18. Trimming Studs Run from Trimmers to Plates
Used to block out Narrow Lintel
Where use in conjunction with Lintel they may take structural loads
Must be same depth as wall frame to accept finishes
May also be referred to as “Jack”, “Soldier”, or “Short” studs

19. Noggins
Horizontal Member cut between studs to keep them - straight - evenly spaced - prevent twisting - allows studs to carry higher load - Maximum spacing 1350mm, there walls upto 2700mm require only 1 row of noggins
Mention Ribbon Method

20. Noggins AS cl

22. Blocking Placed at intersections of wall frames
Normally 3 Blocks per intersection

23. Blocking AS1684.2

24. Lintels Also referred to as a Head
Horizontal Load Bearing Member between Studs
Purpose is to transfer loads to side of openings
May be made of many materials - Timber - Engineered Timbers - Structural Steel or Cold Rolled Steel Sections

27. Bracing Provide lateral stability of Walls
Provide resistance against racking forces induced direct wind loads
Provide resistance to Roof loads induced onto top plates.

28. Bracing Methods
Timber Bracing – 50 to 75 mm x 19 to 25mm checked into and nailed flush into face of studs. Braces must be installed in opposing pairs in external bracing walls.
This method is virtually never used today.
Rated 0.8 kN/m

29. Types of Bracing
Perforated Metal Bracing - Installed in similar method as timber brace with a saw cut into the plates and studs. The brace is then nailed flush onto the studs and plates. Braces must be installed in opposing pairs in external walls. Rated 0.8 kN/m

31. Types of Bracing

33. Types of Bracing Flat Metal or Hoop Iron Bracing 19mm Wide x 0.8mm
Zincalume
Two braces are fixed in opposite directions
Fitted with Compression Clamps
Rated 1.5kN/m

37. Types of Bracing Sheet Bracing Structural Plywood (Must be Stamped)
Hardboard (Masonite)
Fibre Cement
Resists Strong Wind Loads
Can be used on Narrow Panels – Why?
Usually on external walls in cavity – Why?
Minimum 7mm (Not Necessarily Correct)
Must be nailed off as per AS
Plate Steel can be used in High Wind Load Areas

39. Bracing AS

47. Location of Bracing AS 1684 cl 8.3.6.6 states
Bracing should be evenly distributed and be provided in both directions
Should be placed initially at corners

49. Spacing of Bracing Walls
AS Cl states
For Single Storey Building or Upper Storey of Double Storey Buildings
Maximum distance between bracing wall shall be 9000mm for Wind Classifications up to N2

62. Plan & Prepare For Wall Framing
Stress Grading of Individual Wall Frame Members
Seasoned Or Unseasoned

63. Stress Grading Refers to the Timbers Strength
Timber must be able to withstand stress loads placed on them.
Overloading may cause straining or failure
3 types of stress Compressive Tensile Shear Note Torsional Stress is not discussed

66. Stress Grading Members Sizes will be determined for span tables
Generally for Residential Construction sizes will not be specified by designers
Why?
Architect will not want to take responsibility
Engineer will want to charge extra to do this and
Why would a client want to pay for something that he can get done for nothing

67. Stress Grading
Why are members generally specified on Commercial projects
AS Residential Timber Framed Construction Guide

69. AS Limitations
1.4.4 The Maximum number of storey's of timber shall not exceed 2
1.4.5 The maximum width of a building shall mm, Note, if you use AS simplified max width = mm The maximum wall height shall be 3000mm excluding gable ends
1.4.7 The maximum roof pitch shall be 35 degrees

71. Structural pine grading
A3P has announced that it will not proceed with the introduction of Structural Pine (SP) grading as previously planned.
Continuing contact with A3P members, timber merchants, truss and frame fabricators, designers and specifiers has indicated the introduction cannot be achieved without major disruption and unacceptable burden to industry.

72. Ordering Timber
Timber is ordered in lineal meters may be priced in cubic meters
Increments of 300mm
Lengths over 3600mm are charged at higher rate
Timber should be ordered as required - avoid unnecessary exposure to weather - affecting cash flows - theft - storage

73. Material Storage Timber should be stored on gluts
This allows for airflow
Care should be taken in stack sizes
Stacks can be strapped for safety

74. Storage of Materials
Timber should be stored as close as possible to work area

81. What is a Concentrated Load ?

84. Frame Construction Plates
The size of plates will depend on 1. Floor Joist Spacing 2. Rafter / Truss Spacing 3. Stud Spacing 4. Single or Double Storey 5. Stress Grade of Timber 6. Roof Load Width ?

85. Roof Load Width (RLW)

86. Plates Seasoned timbers are dressed therefore trenching not required
Rough Sawn Timbers such as Oregon, Hardwood require trenching.
Housing of plates for studs provides a constant thickness
Trenching keeps Top & Bottom plates parallel
Restrains Unseasoned Studs from twisting

87. Trenching usually appox 10 mm
Trenching depth is not critical but what is left on is.
Top Plates fully supported on masonary walls will be sized based on a 300mm spacing

90. Top Plates AS
cl states that may be a minimum of 35 mm if 1. not required to resist uplift forces (i.e trusses are nominally fixed and 2. Trusses or Rafters are located directly above studs or within 1.5 times the depth of the plate from the stud.

91. Joining of Plates
Where plates are butt jointed they may be joined using a connector plate.

92. Joining of Plates Plates may be Scarfed or Lapped jointed.
Theses are time consuming and rarely used

93. Calculate Plate Lengths
During Fabrication Top & Bottom Plates are the same length
Plates should be as long as possible
Consider manpower available to stand frames
Remember Top Plate must be continuous

95. Studs Stud Sizes are determined by Stress Grade Stud Spacing
Rafter/ Truss spacing
Wall Height
Roof Load Width
AS tables only specify 450mm or 600mm spacing. These are the most common spacing's

96. Stud Spacing Stud Spacing Determined by Stress Grade Stud Spacing
Rafter/ Truss spacing
Wall Height
Roof Load Width and
If applicable External Sheeting Joints (ie Blue Board etc)

97. Studs Not all external sheeting require critical stud placement
Check with manufactures manual as to requirements
Generally studs should be aligned with the internal face.

98. Harditek (Blue Board)

99. Studs
Stud sizes are determined from tables in AS

101. Calculating Stud Length
Finished Floor to Ceiling govern stud length
Minimum Habitable Room is 2400mm Clear
Floor Finishes 1. Carpet 20mm 2. Timber Flooring 40mm (Depending on Batten)
Ceilings 1. 10mm Plasterboard 2. 13mm Plasterboard

102. Calculating Stud Length
Double Storey building may have FFL (Finished Floor Level).
Allowance must be made for structural members
Most Importantly Determine if there are any height restrictions
Type of Roof Will affect Stud Heights

103. Top & Bottom Plates = 90 x 45 F5
Step 1 – Determine Floor & Ceiling
Floor Carpet = 20mm
Ceiling Gyprock = 13mm
Step 2 – Calculate Stud Length
Minimum Clearance = 2400mm
Plus Flooring = mm
Plus Ceiling = mm
Wall Height = 2440mm
less Wall Plates = mm
Stud Length = 2350mm

104. Ground Fl Finish = Timber (40mm) First Floor = Carpet (20mm)
Upper Level Joists = 200 x 50 F5
Top & Bottom Plates = 90 x 45
Step 1- Determine SFL (Structural Floor Level)
SFL First Floor = (FFL First Fl)
-20 (Carpet)
SFL=
SFL Ground Fl = (FFL Gnd)
- 40 (Timber)
SFL =
Step 2 – Calculate Height Difference
SFL First Floor = –
SFL Ground Fl =
Height Difference =
Ground Floor
First Floor

105. Step 3 – Structural Elements Height Diff = 2.750 Less Flooring = 0.017
Less Floor Joist = 0.200
Less T & B Plate = 0.090
Stud Length = 2.443
Ground Floor
First Floor

106. Carpet Both Floors (20mm) Ceilings 10mm Plasterboard (Allow 20mm)
Dimensions are clear measurements
Lower level plates Upper Level Plates
Bottom Plate = 90 x 35 F5 Bottom Plate = 90 x 45 F5
Top Plate = 90 x 45 F5 Top Plate = 90 x 70 F5

107. Straightening of Studs

109. Calculating Door Heights
On Concrete Slab
Using a standard 2040mm x 820mm
Allow 22mm for Carpet (17mm + 5mm)
2040 mm Door Height
2mm Clearance between Door & Jamb
20mm for Jamb
10mm Clearance between Jamb & Head
15mm Clearance between Jamb & Lintel
Total = 2094mm Say 2100mm

110. Calculation of Door Width

111. Calculation of Window
Check with manufacturer if windows are not on site
Generally at same height of doors
Check on elevations for window heights
15mm Clearance between Jamb & Lintel
Allow 10mm under sill

112. Window Width Care should be taken when setting out to brick bond!
Client may want window to line up with internal fitting
Client may want window dead center of room

116. Lintels

121. Construct Wall Frames Number Wall Frames Clock Wise Direction
Internal Walls Left to Right
Top To Bottom

122. Setting Out Plates
Confirm Dimensions of Slab/ Subfloor Select Suitable Timber & Cut to Length Tack Together Mark Appropriate ID Number on Plate
Mark Required Studs – In Following Order End Studs Wall Intersections

123. Setting Out Plates
If required prepare a storey rod with the appropriate markings (ie Horizontal & Vertical Bond)
Set out position of window and doors studs remembering to allow for required jamb studs
If required adjust position to match brickbond
Set out Common Studs, Jack Studs at required spacing

124. Preparing Studs Use Storey Rod (Pattern Stud) to cut required studs
Mark and check out window and door studs

125. Wall Frame Assembly
What are Advantages & Disadvantages of Prefabricated Wall Frames?

126. Assembling Wall Frames

132. Frame Erection

137. Nominal Fixings For Bottom Plates AS 1684.2

143. Bracing