Dewey Decimal Classification System

Dewey Decimal Classification System
Today we're going to continue our discussion of the Dewey Decimal Classification scheme. Lecture 2 Bair-Mundy

(including summaries) Always start with number from schedule
Four volumes of DDC 21 Volume 1 Manual + Tables Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Index DDC (Dewey Decimal Classification system) is published in 4 volumes. The first volume contains a manual and tables. These tables contain numbers that are appended to numbers found in the schedule. Volumes 2 & 3 are the actual schedules. Here is where you'll find your base numbers. Volume 4 contains the Relative Index, which we'll see in a minute. [click] We always start with a number from the schedule. But how do we find that number? [click] Most of the time when we start by looking up the subject of our book in the relative index. Schedules (including summaries) Always start with number from schedule

Relative Index Time arts 701.8 drawing 741.018 chronology 529
literature history and criticism specific literatures T3B— philosophy 115 sociology Time (Music) Class nos. The Relative Index, as mentioned before, relates subjects to disciplines. On the left are subjects On the right are class numbers that reflect the disciplines that deal with that subject. Notice that the one subject, time, has been studied in a variety of disciplines: the arts, the natural sciences, literature, philosophy, and sociology. Notice also that the numbers on the right-hand side of the page are class numbers, not page numbers.

Using the Summaries Volume 1 Manual Tables Volume 2 000-599 Volume 3
Volume 4 Index When looking for a number, there are times when you will start with the summaries.

First summary The Ten Main Classes
000 Computer science, information & general works 100 Philosophy & psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Language 500 Science 600 Technology 700 Arts & recreation 800 Literature 900 History & geography Let’s say we have a book on experiments in magnetism. Our first summary gives us the ten main classes. So we scan down. This looks like something studied in the sciences. Let’s go to our second summary, looking in the science section—the 500s. Experiments in magnetism

Second summary The Hundred Divisions
500 Science 510 Mathematics 520 Astronomy 530 Physics 540 Chemistry 550 Earth sciences & geology 560 Fossils & prehistoric life 570 Life sciences; biology 580 Plants (Botany) 590 Animals (Zoology) Here is the second summary is the divisional breakdown of the science section. Magnetism seems like a topic you study in physics, so let’s check that division. To do that we go to the third summary. Experiments in magnetism

Third summary The Thousand Sections
530 Physics 531 Classical mechanics; solid mechanics 532 Fluid mechanics; liquid mechanics 533 Gas mechanics 534 Sound & related vibrations 535 Light & infrared & ultraviolet phenomena 536 Heat 537 Electricity & electronics 538 Magnetism 539 Modern physics Now we’re in the third summary, where the divisions of the second summary have each been broken down into ten sections. [click] And we’re in Physics. [click] We scan down the major sections of physics and we find magnetism. Now, we never class from the summary. This gives us our starting point. [click] We would then go to the schedules to see if there is a specific number that would reflect what our book is about. Go to schedule for number Experiments in magnetism

634 Dewey Decimal Classification 634
634.8 6 Technology 63 Agriculture 634 Orchards, fruits, & forestry Grapes [First Summary] [Second Summary] [3rd] *Pineapples Cactus fruits .8 Grapes Class here viticulture .82 Injuries, diseases, pests We would also use our summaries to explicate the hierarchy of a number, which will be one section of the Dewey quiz. Remember, you must start with the left-most digit. [click] So you start with the first summary to discover that the 6 stands for Technology. [click] The second summary tells us that the 3 means that we are talking about agriculture. [click] The third summary means that we are talking about orchards, fruits and forestry. [click] Then we go to the schedule to discover that an 8 in this position means we are talking about grapes. But we don’t stop there. We need to compose an appropriate title for a book with this Dewey number. Is this about eating grapes? No. What is it about? [click] It is about growing grapes. So that would be an appropriate title. 634.8 Growing grapes

Construction and use of farm fences
631.27 6 Technology (applied science) 63 Agriculture and related technologies 631 Specific techniques; apparatus, equipment, materials Agricultural structures … Fences, hedges, walls Construction and use Let's say we have a book on Farm fences. We find a number for fences—agricultural use, in the Relative Index. We check the hierarchy to make sure we’re in the right section--agricultural structures as opposed to poetry, for example. There are no more instructions in the text. We've got our number.

Dictionary of Ayurvedic medicine
6 Technology (applied science) 61 Medicine and health 615 Pharmacology and therapeutics Therapeutics General therapeutic systems Ayurvedic medicine Let’s say we have a dictionary of Ayurvedic medicine. [click] So we look it up in the Relative Index and it sends us to the section on medical therapeutics. We check out the hierarchy and it seems okay. [click] But what about the fact that it is a dictionary? Can we indicate this in our call number? But what about the fact that it is a dictionary?

Four volumes of DDC 21 Volume 1 Tables Volume 2 000-599 Volume 3
Volume 4 Index Manual When we have followed all the instructions in the schedule, but we still would like to add something to make the number more specific, we go to Table 1, located in Volume 1 (our tables volume). Std. subdivs.

Dictionary of Ayurvedic medicine
Adding specificity 6 Technology (applied science) 61 Medicine and health 615 Pharmacology and therapeutics Therapeutics General therapeutic systems Ayurvedic medicine From Table 1: —03 standard subdivision for dictionaries So we turn to Table 1 and we look for a standard subdivision that indicates something is a dictionary. [click] The standard subdivision for dictionaries is —03. We add 03 to our number and now it means a dictionary of Ayurvedic medicine. Dictionary of Ayurvedic medicine 03

Adding subdivisions - number of zeros (2)
Types of instructions to indicate when different number of zeros must be used: Notation in the number column Footnotes leading to an add table where subdivisions are supplied Footnotes from the add instruction itself stipulating the use of extra zeros However, if we see instructions or examples that indicate we should do otherwise, we follow the instructions. Those instructions can be numbers for standard subdivisions explicitly listed in the number column or explained in a footnote or in another area of the schedule where you're told to look. Sometimes you have to go back to the beginning of the section where you're working to find the instructions. We'll see examples of some of these instructions shortly. The last two we won't see until we get into more complex numbering.

660 Chemical engineering and related technologies 660
661 Technology of industrial chemicals Production of chemicals used as raw materials or reagents in manufacture of other products … –.009 Standard subdivisions From Table 1: —05 standard subdivision for serial publications Industrial chemicals technology journal Here we see a case where we're told to use two zeros in adding standard subdivisions. So, if we have a journal, a serial publication related to technology of industrial chemicals, we would start with our number for technology of industrial chemicals: 661. Then we would look up our standard subdivision for serial publications: --05 Since the schedule tells us to use two zeroes for our standard subdivisions, we will append 005 to our number to get: 661. 005 Serial publications Tech. of ind. chem.

600 Technology (Applied sciences) 600
601 Philosophy and theory 602 Miscellany [.72] Patents Do not use; class in 608 .75 Trademarks and service marks .9 Commercial miscellany 603 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances 604 Technical drawing, hazardous materials technology… —020 7 standard subdivision for humorous treatment This is a case where it helps to have a list of frequently used subdivisions in front of you. Notice anything about the numbers and captions? They're standard subdivisions. These provide a pattern you would use for adding any standard subdivision. Let's say we have a book of jokes about technology--a humorous treatment of the applied sciences. Following the pattern we would start with 6 for technology. Then we would add the 0207 standard subdivision for humorous treatment. The entire number as constituted now means a humorous treatment of technology. Technology jokes 6 0207 humorous treatment 02.07 Technology

Local taxes in Tasmania
Using Table Two: Instructed to do so in Schedule By going through the –09 Subdivision in Table 1 Local taxes in Tasmania Then we talked about Table 2. With table 2 we must have permission to use it. There are two ways to get to table 2. We can be instructed in the schedule to go directly to table 2. Or, if we have no such instructions, we can go to Table 1, pick up our 09 subdivision, and then proceed to Table 2 to get the numbers for our locality. [click] So, if we have a book about Local taxes in Tasmania, where do we start?

Four volumes of DDC 21 Volume 1 Tables Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Index T a x T a x e s We would find the number for taxation using our Relative Index in Volume 4. [click] In the Relative Index we find the number for taxation: [click] This would send us to the Economics schedule, the 300s, in Volume 2. [click] Taxation 336.2 Local taxes in Tasmania

Economics Local taxes in areas, regions, places in general… – Local taxes in specific continents, countries, states and provinces Add to base number notation 3–9 from Table 2, e.g., local taxes in Pennsylvania Go to Table 2 In the economics class under taxation we find a range of numbers for local taxes in specific localities. Under that range of numbers we find a set of instructions. Add to base number a number from table 2. Okay, as soon as we're told to add something to the base number we immediately write down the base number. Now we're ready to go to table 2. Local taxes in Tasmania Local taxes in locality

T2 Table 2. Areas, Periods, Persons T2
—94 Australia —941 Western Australia … —942 Central Australia —946 Tasmania Local taxes in Tasmania In Table 2 in the section devoted to the modern world, specifically to locales in Australia, we find a number for Tasmania. We now append the number for Tasmania to our base number. Our number is The first part of the number (found in the schedule) means that this work is about local taxes, the second part of the number (taken from Table 2) indicates that we're talking about Tasmania. 946 Local taxes Local taxes (schedule) + Tasmania (Table 2)

Motorcycle racing in Modena
Our book: Motorcycle racing in Modena (Modena is in Italy) Let’s say we want to build a number for “Motorcycle racing in Modena.” Modena is in Italy.

796 Recreational and performing arts 796
.73 Automobile rallies .75 Motorcycle and motor scooter racing .756 Motocross .76 Midget car racing (Karting) Go to Table 1 Motorcycle racing in Modena Now we have a book about motorcycle racing in Modena. We go to the schedule and find our number for motorcycle racing. Can we go directly to table 2 here? No. There are no instructions that allow me to go directly to table 2. However, we can pretty much always go to table 1 to find a standard subdivision. Standard subdivisions can be added to pretty much any number from the schedule. So let's go to table 1. Motorcycle racing 796.75

Four volumes of DDC 21 Volume 1 Manual Tables Volume 2 000-599 Volume
3 Volume 4 Index Manual Now we go to Volume 1 to scan through Table 1, our standard subdivisions.

T1 Table 1. Standard Subdivisions T1
—093–099 Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities; extraterrestrial worlds History and description by place, by specific instance of the subject Add to base number —09 notation 3–9 from Table 2… Go to Table 2 Ah, yes. We can use our -093 to -099 standard subdivisions. We follow the instructions. We append -09 to our base number for motorcycle racing. Then the instruction under this subdivision send us to table 2 to find our number for Modena. Motorcycle racing in Modena Motorcycle racing 796.75 09

—45 Italy —451 Northwestern Italy … —454 Emilia-Romagna region and San Marino — Modena province Class here Modena Motorcycle racing in Modena We find our number for Modena. We append our number for Modena to -09 to indicate that we're talking motorcycle racing in Modena. Now we have a number with three parts: a base number from the schedule a standard subdivision from table 1, which allowed us to get the third part of our number the number for Modena. Motorcycle racing by locality 4542 Motorcycle racing (schedule) By locality (Table 1) Modena (Table 2)

More Fun with Dewey Let’s have more fun with Dewey.

000 Computer science, knowledge & systems 010 Bibliographies 020 Library & information sciences 030 Encyclopedias & books of facts 040 [Unassigned] 050 Magazines, journals & serials 060 Associations, organizations & museums 070 News media, journalism & publishing 080 Quotations 090 Manuscripts & rare books [click] As you remember from last time, library and information science is classed in the first main class, 000, in Dewey. Library-related works are classed in the 020 division.

020 Library & information sciences 021 Library relationships 022 Administration of physical plant 023 Personnel management 024 [Unassigned] 025 Library operations 026 Libraries for specific subjects 027 General libraries 028 Reading & use of other information media 029 [Unassigned] Within that division are a number of different areas. 025 is the class for library operations.

025 Library and information sciences 025
.27 Acquisition of and collection development for materials on specific disciplines and subjects Add to base number notation , e.g. acquisition of materials in the social sciences … Subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading Selection and acquisition of materials about UFOs in New Mexico Sometimes we can build some pretty amazing numbers. Let's take a look at how to build a number in the library and information science section--in particular a number for acquisitions and collection development on specific disciplines and subjects. The basic number for acquisition of and collection development for materials on specific disciplines is Under the number I have some instructions: Add to base number notation That means that we use the entire Dewey schedule as a table. Let's see what that means by building a number. Let's say we have a book about Selection and acquisition of materials about UFOs in New Mexico. The first thing we do is to write down our base number: But where do we go from here? We use the entire schedule as a table. In other words, we're going to look in the schedule for a number that represents what we're collecting materials about. In this case the book is about collecting materials about UFOs so let's find the number for UFOs. Look for UFOs (in sched.) 025.27 Base no.

Selection and acquisition of materials about UFOs in New Mexico
Generalities .94 Mysteries Reported phenomena not explained, not fully verified… .942 Unidentified flying objects (UFOs) Variant name: flying saucers Class here human-alien encounters Monsters and related phenomena .95 Deceptions and hoaxes Go to Table 1 Selection and acquisition of materials about UFOs in New Mexico 025.27 The number for unidentified flying objects is found under mysteries. The number is So we add those digits to the end of our base number. Now we have a number that refers to collecting materials on UFOs. But how about further specifying that the work is specifically about collecting materials about UFOs in New Mexico? I don't have instructions to go directly to Table 2. However, we can go through our standard subdivision. So let's head to table 1 to find a suitable standard subdivision. 001942 Base no.

T1 Table 1. Standard Subdivisions T1
—093–099 Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities; extraterrestrial worlds History and description by place, by specific instance of the subject Add to base number —09 notation 3–9 from Table 2… Ah, yes. We can use our -093 to -099 standard subdivisions. We follow the instructions. We append -09 to our base number for collecting materials on UFOs. Now we are allowed to go to table 2 to find a number for New Mexico. Selection and acquisition of materials about UFOs in New Mexico Go to Table 2 Collecting materials on UFOs 09

— Prowers County — Beca County —789 New Mexico — Northeastern counties of New Mexico — Colfax Country — Union County Selection and acquisition of materials about UFOs in New Mexico Here we are in Table 2. We find our number for New Mexico: We add those digits to the number we've already built. And we're done. We pulled numbers from a variety of places to build this number. If we have a small library with few books on collection development we probably wouldn't want to class to this level of specificity. For most libraries stopping after UFOs would be sufficient. But if you're in a special library in Roswell…. The important thing is to maintain consistency in your library. You can either cut off the numbers at logical places, or chunk the number on the spine if necessary. In CIP data, as we mentioned before, apostrophes indicate logical cutting-off points. 789 Acquisition (schedule) UFOs (schedule) By locality (Table 1) New Mexico (Table 2)

Bible – English Add to each subdivision identified by * as follows: 01-02 Standard subdivisions [03] Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances Do not use; class in 3 05-08 Standard subdivisions 09 Geographic and persons treatment Do not use…; class in 8 2 Standard editions 3 Concordances, indexes, dictionaries … 8 History, criticism, explanation of the translation In some places in the schedule you'll find built-in tables of numbers. Here, for example, we're in the section of the schedule that give numbers for English translations of the Christian bible. Before we reach the listing of versions we find an instruction: Add to each subdivision identified by * as follows: What follows is a list of topical subdivisions and their associated numbers. These numbers can be added to subdivide only those versions identified with an asterisk.

History of the King James Bible
– English … English versions before 1582… *Douay version *Authorized (King James version) Revised version Including English Revised ( ), American Revised (American Standard) (1901) versions *Revised Standard version ( ) *New Revised Standard version(1990) So let's say we have a work on the history of the King James Bible. We find the number for the King James version: Since this version is noted with an asterisk we can use our listing of subtopics. History of the King James Bible

History of the King James Bible
– English Add to each subdivision identified by * as follows: 01-02 Standard subdivisions [03] Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances Do not use; class in 3 05-08 Standard subdivisions 09 Geographic and persons treatment Do not use…; class in 8 2 Standard editions 3 Concordances, indexes, dictionaries … 8 History, criticism, explanation of the translation History of the King James Bible 8 So we scan down our list of subtopics and find a number for history: 8. We append 8 to our number for the King James version and we're done.

Concordance to the New Revised Standard Bible
– English … English versions before 1582 *Douay version *Authorized (King James) version Revised version Including English Revised ( ), American Revised (American Standard) (1901)… *Revised Standard version ( ) *New Revised Standard version (1990) Concordance to the New Revised Standard Bible Let's say we have a Concordance to the New Revised Standard Bible. We start with our number for the New Revised Standard Bible We check to see if the New Revised Standard version has an asterisk. It does. So we go to the in-schedule table of topics to see if any apply.

Concordance to the New Revised Standard Bible
– English Add to each subdivision identified by * as follows: 01-02 Standard subdivisions [03] Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances Do not use; class in 3 05-08 Standard subdivisions 09 Geographic and persons treatment Do not use…; class in 8 2 Standard editions 3 Concordances, indexes, dictionaries … 8 History, criticism, explanation of the translation Concordance to the New Revised Standard Bible 3 We scan down and find a number for concordances: 3. We append 3 to our number for the version and we're done.

.21 Admissions .22 Student aid .23 School year .24 Schedules 370 Education 371 Schools & their activities; special education 372 Elementary education 373 Secondary education 374 Adult education 375 Curricula 376 [Unassigned] 377 [Unassigned] 378 Higher education 379 Public policy issues in education Here is the Education Division of Dewey. [click] It starts with works about education in general, [click] then, schools and their activities in general, and [click] then moves into more specific topics, such as elementary education. [click] Some subtopics, such as scheduling, have been written about in general but also in some cases in regard to elementary schools specifically, or secondary schools specifically. [click] To save space Dewey lists and enumerates these subtopics once in the general section. If you have a book about scheduling in elementary education, you first go to the elementary education section, start with a base number for elementary education, then the instructions send you back to the general education section to pick up the numbers for scheduling. [click] The same is true for scheduling in secondary education. You go to the secondary education section to pick up a base number, then go back to the general education section to get your number for scheduling. Let’s see how that works.

Flexible scheduling in elementary schools
Education .1 Organization and activities in elementary education Go to general section on education … School organization and activities in elementary education Add to base number the numbers following 371 in , e.g. administration ; however, for use of drama as a method of instruction, see Let's say we have a book about Flexible scheduling in elementary schools. We go to the section on elementary schools and under school organization and activities we find the directions: Add to base number the numbers following 371 in We immediately write down our base number: Now we turn to the 371 section of the schedule to look for the topic of flexible scheduling. We keep in mind that we're going to utilize the numbers following 371 in that part of the schedule. Flexible scheduling in elementary schools base number

Education 371 Schools and their activities; special education … SUMMARY .1 Teachers and teaching, and related activities .2 School administration; administration of student academic activities .3 Methods of instruction and study .4 Student guidance and counseling .5 School discipline and related activities .6 Physical plant; materials management So we move backward in the schedule to 371, the section about schools and activities in general. Here we see at the beginning of this section a summary. And in that summary we see that there is a subsection devoted to administration of student activities. Let's try there. Flexible scheduling in elementary schools base number

Education Add to base number 372.1 the numbers following 371 in .2 School administration; administration of student academic activities … .24 Schedules and school day Schedules Including flexible scheduling Class here scheduling, school week Flexible scheduling in schools Flexible scheduling in elementary schools base number Aha! We find a number for flexible scheduling. Now, remember that the instructions were to take the numbers following 371 in this section. The number is for flexible scheduling in general. We take the 242 and append those digits to our elementary school base number: We're done! 242

372.1242 Schools & activities Elementary education [in general]
.21 Admissions… .22 Student aid… .23 School year… .24 Schedules & … .242 Schedules 372.1 School organization and activities in elementary education What they’ve done is to list the topics once in the general section. [click] Then they give us instructions to append the numbers associated with those topics to numbers in elementary education, secondary education, and so forth. [click] So we end up with a number that [click] starts with a base number for elementary education and [click] ends with a topic number that we found in the general education area.

320 Political science 321 Systems of governments & states 322 Relations of state to organized groups 323 Civil & political rights 324 The political process 325 International migration & colonization 326 Slavery & emancipation 327 International relations 328 The legislative process 329 [Unassigned] Let's take a look at some instructions that will take us back and forth from schedule to table and back to schedule again. We’ll again be looking at numbers in the social sciences, but this time we’ll be focusing on Political science—the 320s. And in particular the section entitled “The political process.”

Communist Party in France
Political science .24–.29 Parties in specific countries in modern world Except where specifically instructed to the contrary below, for a country or for localities within a country add to base number notation 4–9 from Table 2 for the specific country, e.g. parties of France ; then add to the number according to the table below, e.g. parties in Paris , French Communist Party … [click] Within the “political process” area, to is the range for political parties in specific countries. Now, this is where we really have to pay attention to the instructions and follow them in precisely the order they are given. [click] “Except where specifically instructed to the contrary below, for a country or for localities within a country [click] add to base number notation 4–9 from Table 2 for the specific country.” That's my first instruction. Note, however, there are more instructions below. So I know I'm going to have to return here before I'm done. My first step is to write down the base number: 324.2 Communist Party in France 324.2

Political science .24–.29 Parties in specific countries in modern world Except where specifically instructed to the contrary below, for a country or for localities within a country add to base number notation 4–9 from Table 2 for the specific country, e.g. parties of France ; then add to the number according to the table below, e.g. parties in Paris , Communist Party of France … Communist Party in France 324.2 Now I'm told to go to Table 2 to get a number for my country, France. Go to Table 2

— Easternmost Hungary —44 France and Monaco —441 Brittany (Bretagne) … Communist Party in France 324.2 base number 44 Back to schedule We find the number for France, 44, and add it to the end of our number for political parties in a specific country. Now, we remember that there were additional instructions for us to follow in the schedule, so we head back there. Political parties in specific country (from schedule) France (from Table 2)

Scroll down 324 Political science 324
.24–.29 Parties in specific countries in modern world Except where specifically instructed to the contrary below, for a country or for localities within a country add to base number notation 4–9 from Table 2 for the specific country, e.g. parties of France ; then add to the number according to the table below, e.g. parties in Paris , Communist Party of France … Back in the schedule we read the following instruction: “then add to the number according to the table below.” This is pointing us to an in-schedule table that follows these instructions. The table will give us some additional digits to append to the number we have created thus far. So let’s scroll down to look at those numbers listed below. Scroll down

Political science .24–.29 Parties in specific countries in modern world … 02 Historical parties 03 Rightist parties… 038 Neofascist and neo-Nazi parties… 04 Conservative parties 05 Centrist parties 06 Liberal parties 07 Leftist and labor-oriented parties 075 Communist parties Communist Party in France 075 Parties in France Scrolling down we find a listing of various parties. We scan down and find that communist parties are assigned the digits 075. So we append 075 to our number for parties in France and we’re done.

Communist Party in France Political parties in specific country
Political science .24–.29 Parties in specific countries in modern world Communist Party in France We pulled numbers from different areas to build this number according to our directions. As always, we started with a number from the schedule. In this case we started with a number for political parties in a particular place. Then, following directions, we went to Table 2 to find a number for France. Then we returned to the schedule to find the number for communist parties. Political parties in specific country (from schedule) France (from Table 2) Communist parties (from schedule)

Liberal Party of Australia
Political science .294 Parties of Australia … Historical parties Parties existing prior to 1945 and no longer in existence National Party of Australia… Liberal Party of Australia Democratic Labor Party Australian Labor Party Other parties… Liberal Party of Australia One thing you need to be careful about. In some cases numbers have already been built for you. This is often the case for English-speaking countries: the United States, Great Britain and so forth. In this case if you continue a bit further in the schedule you find that a number has already been built for political parties in Australia.

Ten main classes 000 Computer science, information & general works
100 Philosophy & psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Language 500 Science 600 Technology 700 Arts & recreation 800 Literature 900 History & geography Languages are handled a bit differently than some other parts of the schedule. For languages we have a separate table of subdivisions.

400 400 Language Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature For literature, see 800… SUMMARY 400–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism 410 Linguistics 420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) … The 4th main class is devoted to language in general and to specific languages—French, German, Japanese, Chinese, Swahili, and so on.

400 400 Language … SUMMARY 400–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism 410 Linguistics 420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 430 Germanic languages German 440 Romance languages French 450 Italian, Sardinian, Dalmation… At the beginning of the section on language are instructions for adding standard subdivisions for language in general. Then there is a section for linguistics, and following that we see groups of languages. Within these groupings we find numbers for individual languages. The ways in which languages are divided in Dewey do not always match up with current linguistic theory.

400 400 Language Philosophy and theory .3 International languages …
See Manual at 401 vs … .3 International languages … Class here universal languages; general discussions of international languages, e.g. diplomatic languages, lingua francas Class artificial languages in … Our first standard subdivision of language in general, that of the philosophy and theory of language, is built for us. And we are given a particular modification of that subdivision for use only under language: a number for international languages.

Special topic pertaining to language
404 Special topics of language .2 Bilingualism Class here multilingualism Specific instances of bilingualism are classed with the language dominant in the country in which the linguistic interaction occurs… You remember that the fourth standard subdivision, -04, can only be added when told to do so in the schedule. This is one such instance. Bilingualism is a special topic pertaining specifically to language.

420 Language 420 420–490 Specific languages
Class here comprehensive works on specific languages and their literatures Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number for each language identified by * notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g. grammar of Japanese The base number is the number given for the language unless the schedule specifies a different number… Following the standard subdivisions and numbers for linguistics are the listings for specific languages. Note that we have special instructions for this section: “Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number for each language identified by * notation 01–8 from Table 4.” Let's take a look at Table 4.

Table 4. Subdivisions of Individual Languages and Language Families
The following notation is never used alone, but may be used as required by add notes under subdivisions of specific languages or language families, or with the base numbers for individual languages identified by * as explained under 420–490, e.g. Norwegian (base number grammar (—5 in this table): A point is inserted following the third digit of any number thus constructed that is longer than three digits. Table 4 consists of a list of subdivisions that can be applied to individual languages or language families. Note that these numbers are never used alone. We always start with a number in the schedule and then append numbers from tables if applicable. In this case we start with a number for a language, then if we have permission to do so, indicated by an asterisk or by instructions, we go to table 4 to find digits to subdivide that number.

Table 4. Subdivisions of Individual Languages and Language Families
SUMMARY —01–09 Standard subdivisions —1 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of the standard form of the language —2 Etymology of the standard form of the language —3 Dictionaries of the standard form of the language —5 Grammar of the standard form of the language… We see in the Table 4 summary a number of topics relating to languages—writing systems, etymology, dictionaries, grammar, etc. You can see why Dewey has set these forth in a table. These topics are applicable to most human languages. If these topics were listed under every language the schedule would be a lot larger than it is. ___ Etymology=the history of a linguistic form (as a word) shown by tracing its development since its earliest recoded occurrence in the language it is found, by tracing its transmission from one language to another, by analyzing it into its component parts, by identifying cognates in other languages, or by tracing it and its cognates to a common ancestral form in an ancestral language. Library libr, liber inner bark, rind, book  librarium

427 English and Old English 420
428 Standard English usage (Prescriptive linguistics) Applied linguistics 429 *Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Spelling in Ye Olde English Let's run through an example of how to build a language number. Let's say we have a book on spelling in Old English. We start by looking up the number in the schedule for Old English We write that down. Then we check to see if Old English has an asterisk. It does. So we go to Table 4 to see if there's a subdivision for spelling. Go to Table 4 429

Off to Volume One… 1 to consult Table 4 DDC 22 Volume Manual Tables
So we’re off to Volume 1 to consult Table 4. to consult Table 4

T4 Table 4. Subdivisions of Individual Languages T4
—1 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of the standard form of the language —11 Writing systems —15 Phonology, phonetics, spelling —152 Spelling (Orthography and pronunciation) Spelling in Ye Olde English 429 base no. for Old English We go to Table 4 and sure enough, there is a number for spelling. We append that number to our number for Old English and we're done. We started with the schedule. In the schedule we found the number for Old English. Then, because Old English had an asterisk, we went to Table 4. In Table 4 we found the digits to append to our Old English number in order to indicate that the book is about spelling. .152 Old English (from schedule) Spelling (from Table 4)

430 Germanic (Teutonic) languages 430
430 Germanic languages German … No asterisk > Subdivisions of German language Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 43 notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g. phonology of German language 431.5 German dictionary Okay, let's say we have a German dictionary. This is a dictionary in which both the words and the definitions are in German. We start by finding the number for German in the schedule. But wait, German doesn't have an asterisk. What now? We scan down and find that we have instructions for how to apply subdivisions of the German language. We start with base number 43, then go to Table 4. So we write down 43 and head to Table 4. Go to Table 4 43

—24 Foreign elements —3 Dictionaries of the standard form of the language German dictionary 43 3 In Table 4 we find a number for dictionaries. Now, this is a number for dictionaries "of the standard form of the language" meaning a dictionary from German to German, English to English. The words to be defined and the definitions are both in German. We'll see how to create a number for a bilingual dictionary in a minute. We now add 3 (for dictionaries) to our base number for German, 43. We're done. Base no. for German (from schedule) Dictionaries (from Table 4)

430 Germanic (Teutonic) languages 430
430 Germanic languages German … > Subdivisions of German language Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 43 notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g. phonology of German language 431.5 A German reader for newly literate adults Let's say we have a German reader for newly literate adults. Again, we start with our base number for German: 43. Then we head to table 4. Go to Table 4 43

—86 Readers Graded selections with emphasis on structure and vocabulary as needed… Class here texts intended primarily for practice in reading a language —862 Readers for new literates A German reader for newly literate adults 43 Our number for readers for new literates is We append those digits to our base number for German. Then we count three digits from the left and put in our decimal point. Now we're done. 8.62 Base no. for German (from schedule) Readers for new literates (from Table 4)

A Sanskrit-English dictionary
Other languages 491.2–491.4 Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages .2 *Sanskrit A Sanskrit-English dictionary 491.2 What if we have a bilingual dictionary? Again we start in the schedule. Which language do we start with? The farthest from our own. So if we have a Sanskrit-English dictionary we start with Sanskrit. We look in the schedule for Sanskrit and find the number We write that down. Sanskrit has an asterisk, so we can now go to Table 4. Go to Table 4

—3 Dictionaries of the standard form of the language — Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials —31 Specialized dictionaries… — Bilingual dictionaries Add to —3 notation 2–9 from Table 6, e.g. dictionaries of the language and English —321, dictionary of French and English A Sanskrit-English dictionary 491.2 base no. for Sanskrit In Table 4 we have special instructions on how to handle bilingual dictionaries. First, we append the number 3 to our number for Sanskrit. Then we’re sent to Table 6. 3 Go to Table 6

Table 6. Languages The following notation is never used alone, but may be used with those numbers from the schedules and other tables to which the classifier is instructed to add notation from Table 6…When adding to a number from the schedules, always insert a point between the third and fourth digits of the complete number. Table 6 consists of another listing of numbers for languages. This list is ONLY used when you are appending the number for a language to another number. This is important. You always start with a number from the schedule. Then you append numbers from the tables. SUMMARY —1 Indo-European languages —2 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) —3 Germanic (Teutonic) languages…

A Sanskrit-English dictionary
T Table 6. Languages T6 —1 Indo-European languages… —2–91 Specific Indo-European languages —2 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) —21 English A Sanskrit-English dictionary Sanskrit dictionary In Table 6 we find the add-on number for English: —21 We append this to our number for a dictionary in Sanskrit and we get our number: Note that we found elements for our number in three different places: We started, as always, in the schedule. There we found the number for Sanskrit. Then, because Sanskrit was marked with an asterisk, we went to Table 4. This gave us our number for dictionary: 3. The instructions in Table 4 led us to Table 6. In Table 6 we found the add-on number for English. 21 Base no. for Sanskrit (from schedule) Dictionary (from Table 4) English (from Table 6)

Bilingual dictionaries: Which language do we start with?
A English-Sanskrit dictionary Base no. for Sanskrit (from schedule) Dictionary (from Table 4) English (from Table 6) Remember, we start with the language farthest in English. In general this will be the largest number. What if we have a Korean-French dictionary? Start with the largest number. We would put it under Korean (495.7) rather than French (440). 495.7 Following the instruction in Table 4 we would add our 3. 495.73 Following our instruction we would proceed to Table 6 to find the add-on number for French: —41 Start with the language farthest from your own

Bilingual dictionary exercise
Start with the language with the largest number Bilingual dictionary exercise Does Pashto have an asterisk? A Tajik-Pashto dictionary 3 9157 Base no. for Pashto (from schedule) Dictionary (from Table 4) Add-on no. for Tajik (from Table 6) Let’s build one together. A Tajij-Pashto Dictionary. We want to start with the language with the largest number. Pashto (a language of Afghanistan). What is our number for Pashto? Does Pashto have an asterisk? So we can go to Table 4. What is the digit for a bilingual dictionary? 3 Now Table 4 tells us we can go to Table 6 to find our add-on number for Tajik: 9157.

First summary The Ten Main Classes
000 Computer science, information & general works 100 Philosophy & psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Language 500 Science 600 Technology 700 Arts & recreation 800 Literature 900 History & geography Now let’s take a look at the history and geography section.

900 History 910 Geography & travel 920 Biography & genealogy 930 History of ancient world (to ca. 499) 940 History of Europe 950 History of Asia 960 History of Africa 970 History of North America 980 History of South America 990 History of other areas First, let’s take a look at the Biography section. Dewey prefers that we class a person associated with a discipline in the numerical range for that discipline: botanists with botany, economists with economy, etc. But Dewey gives us a variety of options.

920 Biography, genealogy, insignia 920
920.1–928 Biography of specific classes of persons … (Option B: Class individual biography in 92 or B; class collected biography in 92 or 920 undivided) (Prefer specific discipline or subject, plus notation 092 from Table 1, e.g. collected biography of scientists ) Here are instructions for the biography section. Note that the schedule tells us that the preferred way to handle a biography of scientists is to class it with science, adding the collective persons standard subdivision. But we are also allowed to class biographies in the 92 section—to segregate biographies from the rest of the collection. We can use a numerical designation, 92 or 920, or we can indicate a biography by using a capital B. This would usually be followed by an indication of the subject of the biography. For example, a biography of Lincoln might have B LINCOLN

George Washington in the American Revolution, 1775-1783 by Flexner
Let’s say we have a biography of George Washington. George Washington in the American Revolution, by Flexner Photograph by The Photograph Studio, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Here used exclusively for educational purposes.

920 Biography, genealogy, insignia 920
920.1–928.9 Biography of specific classes of persons (Option B: Class individual biography in 92 or B; class collected biography in 92 or 920 undivided) (Prefer specific discipline or subject, plus notation 092 from Table 1, e.g. collected biography of scientists ) George Washington in the American Revolution, by Flexner There are a variety of ways this work can be classed. The preferred way is to class with the specific discipline, adding the -092 standard subdivision for persons associated with the discipline. [click to show ] That is the way this first Dewey number was formulated: 9 History 973 History of United States Administration of George Washington, -092 standard subdivision for persons (biography) (This is one of the call numbers assigned in the Hawaii State Public Library System catalog). Another way is to start with a B for biography and then add letters from the name of the subject of the biography. This is a call number used for copies in HSPLS in smaller branches. Another would be to use BIO and the name of the subject of the bibliography. Another would be to use BIOG for Biography, the first four letters of the subject of the biography, and then the first two letters of the author's name. You can also use Cutters to indicate the subject and author--a variety of options are available. All are acceptable. 92 WASH FL Washington Fl B WASHING BIOG WASHING

900 History 910 Geography & travel 920 Biography & genealogy 930 History of ancient world (to ca. 499) 940 History of Europe 950 History of Asia 960 History of Africa 970 History of North America 980 History of South America 990 History of other areas Now let’s look at Geography and Travel—the 910 division.

Class here interdisciplinary works on tourism, on travel
Geography and travel 910 Geography and travel Class here interdisciplinary works on tourism, on travel Class general works on civilization, other than accounts of travel, in 909; class works on civilization… … Geography of and travel in ancient world and specific continents, countries, localities in modern world; extraterrestrial worlds The schedule starts with Geography and Travel in general. Following are the numbers for Geography and Travel in specific places: Geography and travel in the ancient world. Geography and travel in Europe or Asia or Africa. Geography and travel in specific countries or cities.

Go to Table 2 Travel in England 91
Geography and travel Geography of and travel in ancient world and specific continents, countries, localities in modern world; extraterrestrial worlds… Go to Table 2 Add to base number 91 notation 3–9 from Table 2, e.g. geography of England 914.2… then add further as follows: To build a number that designates geography and travel in a particular place we start with the base number 91. Let’s say we have a book about travel in England. We write down our base number: 91. Then we are sent to Table 2 to find a number for the place, in this case England. But before we go we note that we will need to come back here later to see if there are additional digits to be added. Travel in England 91

—42 England and Wales… —421 Greater London — City of London Travel in England 91 Geography and travel 4.2 In Table 2 we find that the number for England is –42. So we append 42 to our number for geography and travel (91). We count 3 places from the left and insert our decimal point. However, we’re not through yet. We had additional instructions back in the schedule. Let’s see if we can make this number specific to travel. Back to schedule Geog. & travel (schedule) England (Table 2) +

Travel in England 914.2 04 910 Geography and travel 910 1 2 04 Travel
Geography of and travel in ancient world and specific continents, countries, localities in modern world; extraterrestrial worlds 1 2 Add to base number 91 notation 3–9 from Table 2, e.g. geography of England 914.2… then add further as follows: … 04 Travel Class here discovery, exploration; guidebooks Travel in England 914.2 We started with our base number 91 from the schedule. Then we went to Table 2 to find the number for England. Now we return to the schedule to follow the additional instructions. We have an in-schedule table of digits to add further specificity to our number. We scan down and find a number for travel: 04. We append that to our number for geography and travel in England to get: Now we’re done. 04 Geog. & travel (from sched.) England (from T2) Travel (from sched.)

900 History 910 Geography & travel 920 Biography & genealogy 930 History of ancient world (to ca. 499) 940 History of Europe 950 History of Asia 960 History of Africa 970 History of North America 980 History of South America 990 History of other areas Now let’s move on to history.

930 History of specific areas 930
930–990 History of ancient world; of specific continents, countries, localities; of extraterrestrial worlds … Add to base number 9 notation 3–9 from Table 2, e.g., general history of Europe 940 … then add further as follows: 001 Philosophy and theory 002 Miscellany Maps, plans, diagrams 003 Dictionaries 004 Racial, ethnic, national groups Add to 004 notation … History of England The range for history is Let’s say we have a general history of England. Now, in reality this number has been built for us, but let’s see how that number is constructed so that we can understand the pattern. Let’s follow our instructions. We start with the base number 9 for history. Then we’re told to go to Table 2 to find the number for our country: England. 9 Go to Table 2

—42 England and Wales —421 Greater London — City of London History of England 9 42 History In Table 2 we find that the number for England is –42. We append that to the 9 and we have our number: 942. Now, because this is a general history of England we can stop here. History (schedule) England (Table 2) +

Geography versus history
Geography of England 914.2 History of England 942 Notice that for a work on geography and travel we started with the base number 91. For a work on history we start with the base number 9. (Because our place numbers start at 3 for the ancient world and at 4 for the modern world, geography and travel is pulled to the left of history on the shelf.)

930–990 History of ancient world; of specific continents, countries, localities; of extraterrestrial worlds … Add to base number 9 notation 3–9 from Table 2, e.g., general history of Europe 940 … then add further as follows: 001 Philosophy and theory 002 Miscellany Maps, plans, diagrams 003 Dictionaries 004 Racial, ethnic, national groups Add to 004 notation … History of Pakistani People in England Let’s say we have the history of a particular people in a particular place. Now, if we had the history of the Pakistani people in Pakistan this would just be the history of Pakistan. But we have a history of Pakistani people in England. In this case we start with the history of the place: England. So we start with the number 9 for history. Then we go to Table 2 to find the number for England. Go to Table 2 9

—42 England and Wales —421 Greater London — City of London History of Pakistani People in England 9 Back to schedule 42 History We append the number for our place, England. Now we head back to the schedule for further instructions. History (schedule) England (Table 2) +

Add to base number 9 notation 3–9 from Table 2, e.g., general history of Europe 940 … then add further as follows: 001 Philosophy and theory … 004 Ethnic and national groups Add to 004 notation 05–9 from Table 5 … History of Pakistani People in England 942 Back in the history section of the schedule we see an in-schedule table of numbers for particular topics. We scan down and find a number for Ethnic and national groups. Here we’re told to add 004. Then we’re told to add notation 05-9 from Table 5. So let’s head to Table 5. Go to Table 5 .004

Table 5. Ethnic and National Groups
The following numbers are never used alone, but may be used as required (either directly when so noted or through the interposition of notation 089 from Table 1) with any number from the schedules… Table 5 has long been one of the most problematic tables in Dewey. Previous editions had numbers for the “Mongoloid race” and so forth. The DDC long divided the world of human beings in ways that do not reflect current scientific thought or modern sensibilities. The latest edition no longer has those terribly obnoxious terms. However, as you’ll see in the next slide, a definite bias is still evident. SUMMARY —05–09 [Persons of mixed ancestry…] —01 North Americans…

Table 5. Ethnic and National Groups
SUMMARY —05–09 [Persons of mixed ancestry…] —1 North Americans —2 British, English, Anglo-Saxons —3 Germanic people —4 Modern Latin peoples —5 Italians, Romanians, related groups —6 Spanish and Portuguese —7 Other Italic peoples —8 Greeks and related groups —9 Other ethnic and national groups Take a moment to scan the listings from –1 to –9. Notice anything peculiar? Most of the world’s population is relegated to the “other” category: Asia, South Asia, Africa, Pacific Islanders. Millions of people relegated to the status of “other.”

T5 Table 5. Ethnic and Nat. Groups T5
—9 Other ethnic and national groups —91 Other Indo-European peoples —92 Semites —93 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic peoples —94 Peoples of North and West Asian origin or situation; Dravidians —95 East and Southeast Asian peoples —96 Africans and people of African descent —97 North American native peoples —98 South American native peoples —99 … Papuans, Australian native peoples; Malayo-Polynesian and related … Pakistanis Since we have a book about Pakistanis we head for the “other” section. Before we look for Pakistanis notice where North American native peoples are found in the schedule. There not placed with North Americas. The group “North Americans” is reserved for Canadians of British origin, Canadians of French origin, United States citizens of British origin, and people of United States as a national group. Native Americans of North America are in the “other” category. Pakistanis are found in the “Other Indo-European peoples” category so let’s head to that section.

T5 Table 5. Ethnic and Nat. Groups T5
— Indians… — Pakistanis and people of Bangladesh — Pakistanis — People of Bangladesh History of Pakistani People in England Here is our number for Pakistanis, which we append to our number. We started with the schedule, in the history class. We were given a base number for history: 9. Then we went to Table 2 to find the number for England. Then we went back to the schedule for further instructions. There we found a number that indicated we’re talking about a particular ethnic group:004. Then we were sent to Table 5 to find the number for Pakistanis. 914122 History (sched.) England (from T2) Ethnic grps (sched.) Pakistanis (from Table 5)

930–990 (Continued) 01-09 Historical periods ... Add to 0 the period division numbers following 0 from the appropriate continent, country, locality in … Unless others are specified, add to each geographical subdivision of a country the period notations for the country as a whole, but only for those periods during which the specific subdivision formed part of the country. What if we have the history of a particular locality during a specific period? Our instructions tell us that if we have a history of New Delhi in a particular period, we use the period numbers for the larger geographic subdivision—in that case India—for the history of a particular locality in India. Let’s see what this means.

941 General History of Europe Western Europe 941
941 *British Isles Class here Great Britain, United Kingdom .01 Early history to 1066 … .06 House of Stuart and Commonwealth periods, .061 Reign of James I, .062 Reign of Charles I, .063 Period as Commonwealth and Protectorate, .066 Reign of Charles II, … History of the British Isles during the reign of Charles II Let’s say we have the history of the British Isles during the reign of Charles II. We go the section on the history of the British Isles and we find that our number has been built for us: But let’s look at the pattern: 9 is our base number for history 41 is our place number for the British Isles then a 0 precedes our period number then we have a number that indicates the period during which Charles II reigned: 66. A 0 followed by 66 can be appended to any number for the history of a place within the British Isles to indicate that it is limited to the Reign of Charles II. Let’s see how that is handled. History British Isles (place) Reign of Charles II (period) *Add as instructed under

930–990 (Continued) 01-09 Historical periods Add to 0 the period division numbers following 0 from the appropriate country, locality in … History of Scunthorpe during the reign of Charles II What about the history Scunthorpe—a place in the British Isles—during the same period? We start with our base number for history: 9. Then, following our pattern, we go to Table 2 to find the number for our place: Scunthorpe. Go to Table 2 9

—42 England and Wales … — North Lincolnshire Including the former Scunthorpe Borough History of Scunthorpe during the reign of Charles II 9 42.832 We append the number for Scunthorpe to our base number for history. Now we have the history of Scunthorpe, but to specify the period, we return to the schedule to the history of the British Isles. Back to schedule History (schedule) Scunthorpe (Table 2) +

941 General History of Europe Western Europe 941
941 *British Isles Class here Great Britain, United Kingdom .01 Early history to 1066 … .06 House of Stuart and Commonwealth periods, .061 Reign of James I, .062 Reign of Charles I, .063 Period as Commonwealth, .066 Reign of Charles II, … History of Scunthorpe during the reign of Charles II 66 Following the instructions in the schedule we add a zero to indicate that we are talking about a particular period. Here we see that the period designation for the reign of Charles II is 66. So, following the zero, we append the digits 66. This gives us the history of Scunthorpe during the period of the reign of Charles II: Our pattern: History + place period. History (schedule) Scunthorpe (from Table 2) (from sched.) Reign of Charles II (from sched.) *Add as instructed under

9 History 941 History of British Isles 942 History of England 942.832
Scunthorpe Here is how we are arranging our books: The books about the history of the British Isles in general come first, arranged by period. Then we have the books on the history of England, arranged by period. Then we have the histories of particular localities in England, arranged by period. We move from the general to the specific. Each section is arranged by period. James I James I James I Charles II Charles I Charles II Charles I Charles II Charles I .061 .062 .066 .061 .062 .066 061 062 066

930–990 History of ancient world; of specific continents, countries, localities; of extraterrestrial worlds Go to Table 2 … Add to base number 9 notation 3–9 from Table 2, e.g., general history of Europe 940 … then add further as follows: 001 Philosophy and theory 002 Miscellany Maps, plans, diagrams 003 Dictionaries 004 Racial, ethnic, national groups Add to 004 notation … History of English cities What if we have the history not of a particular locality but of types of place in a country? For example, what if we have a history of British cities? Again, we start with 9 for history. Then we’re told to go to Table 2 to find the number for England. 9

—42 England and Wales … —421 Greater London — City of London History of English cities 9 History 42 Back to schedule We find the number for England and append it to our base number for history. Now we head back to the schedule for further instructions. History (schedule) England (Table 2) +

930–990 (Continued) 0091–0098 Areas, regions, places in general Add to 009 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–18 from Table 2, e.g. urban regions History of English cities 942 Back in the schedule we find instructions for how to handle areas, regions, and places in general. We are told to append 009 to the number we have already built. Then we are told to take the digits following the 1 in notation in Table 2. So we append 009 to our number. Then we head to Table 2, but this time to an area we haven’t looked at before. .009 Go to 11–18 section of T2

—1 Areas, regions, places in general; oceans and seas … —17 Socioeconomic regions —173 Socioeconomic regions by concentration of population — Urban regions — Suburban regions — Rural regions "Add to 009 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–18" History of English cities At the beginning of Table 2 we have subdivisions for areas, regions, places in general, and oceans. We scan down and we find the section for socioeconomic regions by concentration of population. Under that we find urban regions—meaning cities. Now our instructions told us to add to 009 the numbers following the 1 in numbers in Table 2. So we take the numbers following the one—732—and append them to our number. Now we have a number for the history of English cities: We started in the history class of the schedule. Then we went to Table 2 to get the number for England Then we went back to the schedule and were told to add 009. Then we went back to Table 2 to get our number for cities. 732 History (sched.) England (from T2) Areas in gen. (sched.) Urban areas (from T2)

930–990 (Continued) 0091–0098 Areas, regions places in general… 0099 Collected persons treatment Description, critical appraisal, biography of persons associated wit the history of the continent… 01–09 Historical periods Class here indigenous groups in the prehistoric period… There are other sets of directions in this section that we won't go into, such as the historical periods for the prehistoric period (sounds like an oxymoron) of a particular locale.

972 General history of North America 972
.95 *Puerto Rico Early history to 1493 Period of European discovery and early colonial period, –1804 –1899 – –1952 Class here 20th century For , see Period of Commonwealth, 1952– We've built a few fairly complex numbers today. Often, however, you'll find that a number for a particular period in a particular place has already been built for you. For example, here is the section on the history of Puerto Rico. The time periods are pertinent specifically to Puerto Rico's history, reflecting important historical events and changes in that locale.

973 United States For specific states, see SUMMARY 973.01–.09 Standard subdivisions .1 Early history to 1607 .2 Colonial period, 1607–1775 .3 Periods of Revolution and Confederation, 1775–1789 .4 Constitutional period, 1789–1809 –1845 .7 Administration of Abraham Lincoln, 1861–1865… United States history is broken down into very specific time periods. For example, let’s take a look at the Revolutionary War period.

973 United States .3 Periods of Revolution and Confederation, 1775–1789 … Quartering of troops and Boston Massacre Taxation and representation Tax on tea and Boston Tea Party, 1773 Boston Port Bill, 1774 As you can see from the section on the U.S. revolution very specific topics are given their own classification numbers, including the Boston Tea Party. (This is also an example of a classification system reflecting a worldview. The same event in a British classification system might be classed as colonists--acts of vandalism.)

973 United States … 19th edition .922 Administration of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, .923 Administration of Lyndon Baines Johnson, .924 Administration of Richard Milhous Nixon, .925 Administration of Gerald Rudolph Ford, .926 Administration of Jimmy (James Earl) Carter, 1977- When we get to modern American history we find it broken down by administrations. The 19th edition ended with the Carter Administration, as President Carter was still in office when the schedule was published.

edition 973 United States … .924 Administration of Richard Milhous Nixon, .925 Administration of Gerald Rudolph Ford, .926 Administration of Jimmy (James Earl) Carter, .927 Administration of Ronald Reagan, .928 Administration of George Bush, .929 Administration of Bill Clinton, 1993– The 21st edition had succeeding administrations, ending with the Clinton administration as President Clinton was still in office when the 21st edition was produced.

22nd edition 973 United States … .926 Administration of Jimmy (James Earl) Carter, .927 Administration of Ronald Reagan, .928 Administration of George Bush, .929 Administration of Bill Clinton, 1993–2001 – .931 Administration of George W. Bush, 2001– The 22nd edition gives ending dates for the Clinton administration and ends with the Bush administration, as President Bush was still in office when the 22nd edition was produced.

976 South central United States Gulf Coast states … .01 Early history to 1700 Class here 19th century Class here 20th century Following the general history of the United States is a section devoted to history of particular regions of the United States. Note that the early dates are broken down a bit differently than for the United States as a whole. Much of this region was not part of the United States until the 19th century. ___________________ Louisiana, for example, had its first permanent settlement of Europeans in 1699. Alabama was French from ; British from ; then Spanish for a number of years. 1800 Spain retroceded Louisiana to France. 1803 Louisiana Purchase. Civil War

.7 Wyoming .701 Early history to 1868 Including 19th century… .702 Territorial period, .703 Statehood period, 1890- Class here 20th century… Within the U.S. regions there are historical breakdowns for states. Here you see that the dates are pertinent to the history of Wyoming--when it became a territory, when it became a state.

996 History of parts of world 996
996 Other parts of Pacific Polynesia Standard subdivisions, groups, regions, persons of Polynesia As enumerated under .9 North central Pacific Hawaii As of the 19th edition, the Dewey folks had not yet figured out that Hawai`i is a state. So I was eager to se where we would be in the 21st edition, the edition we purchased after the 19th. 19th edition

996 Other parts of Pacific Polynesia
History of other areas 996 Other parts of Pacific Polynesia Standard subdivisions, groups, regions, persons of Polynesia As modified under .1 Southwest central Pacific … .9 North central Pacific islands Hawaii Alas, they still hadn’t heard that we had achieved statehood. So I eagerly awaited the 22nd edition… 21st edition

996 Other parts of Pacific Polynesia
History of other areas 996 Other parts of Pacific Polynesia Standard subdivisions, groups, regions, persons of Polynesia As modified under .1 Southwest central Pacific … .9 North central Pacific islands Hawaii So here we are. Still isolated out here in the Pacific. Still not recognized as a state by Dewey. 22nd edition

Always start with base number from schedules
Four volumes of DDC 22 Volume 1 Manual Tables Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Index So that is the Dewey Decimal System. Remember, always start with a base number from the schedules. Always start with base number from schedules

Adding numbers from tables
Always start with base number from schedules You don’t need permission to go to Table 1—standard subdivisions You must have permission to go to tables other than Table 1 Instruction given in schedule Instruction given in a table Volume 1 Manual Tables Once you have your base number, if your base number is insufficiently precise, you may then add numbers from the Tables. You can always go to Table 1—the standard subdivisions. You can only go to other tables when you have permission to do so. That permission may take the form of an instruction given in the schedule: Go to Table 2 For language indicated by asterisk add subdivision from Table 4. Or the instruction may be given in a table. For example, in the –09 section of Table 1 we are given instructions on adding numbers from Table 2. In Table 4 we saw an instruction for a bilingual dictionary that told us to append a number for a language found in Table 6.

631 Agriculture and related technologies 631
6 Technology (applied science) 63 Agriculture and related technologies 631 Specific techniques… materials Soil science Soil chemistry Organic chemistry .4 Soil science Class here interdisciplinary works on soils .41 Soil chemistry .416 Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Including humus Class here soil biochemistry .42 Soil fertility On the quiz when you set about giving the hierarchy of a number, you start with the main class, left-most digit. Don’t forget to give a plausible title for a work of that number, a title that shows you know what the number means. Organic chemistry of soils

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