1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Bethany Beck Emma Sanderson

2. “A network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) or studded with ribosomes (rough endoplasmic reticulum) involved in the transport of materials.” Definition

3. ● The ER extends from the nuclear membrane through the cytoplasm. ● In eukaryotic cells, it makes up nearly half of all cell membranes. ● About 10% of the cell volume is the space inside the ER, called the lumen. Location

4. ● Folds protein molecules in sacs called cisternae ● Transports synthesized proteins in vesicles to the golgi apparatus ● Only properly folded proteins leave the endoplasmic reticulum Function

5. ● The ER is responsible for the synthesis of complex molecules, such as lipids. ● Ribosomes on the rough ER produce proteins. ● In the liver, the smooth ER helps with the detox of drugs. ● In reproduction, hormones such as testosterone and estrogen are produced. Importance

6. ● The ER and mitochondria interact with each other. ● When both are not completely functional, insulin resistance occurs throughout the body. ● Type 2 diabetes occurs from this. Interaction

7. ● Rough ER has ribosomes attached on the outer side that gives them a rough appearance ● Smooth ER has no ribosomes giving it a smooth look Appearance

8. Images

10. ● without the SER calcium ions would not be released in the nerve cell thus affecting movement ● In liver cells the smooth ER contains and produces enzymes that break down harmful drugs detoxifying the body Disorder

11. “Over the last decade, it has become clear that the accumulation of misfolded proteins contributes to a number of neurodegenerative, immune, and endocrine pathologies, as well as other age-related illnesses.” Research

12. ●http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/endoplasmic-reticulumhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/endoplasmic-reticulum ●https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Endoplasmic_reticulum.htmlhttps://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Endoplasmic_reticulum.html ●http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9889/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9889/ ●http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/endoplasmicreticulum/images/endoplasmicreticulumfigure1.jpghttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/endoplasmicreticulum/images/endoplasmicreticulumfigure1.jpg ●http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/endret.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/endret.html ●http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/cell_lab/smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum.phphttp://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/cell_lab/smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum.php ●http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2012/242984/http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2012/242984/ ●http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/101/10/975.abstracthttp://circres.ahajournals.org/content/101/10/975.abstract Works Cited