1. Cruel and Unusual Punishment: The Death Penalty

2. Death Penalty
In the United States, the death penalty has been available and controversial since the nation was founded. Although it is still a widely used practice, its critics are chipping away at the death penalty. The number of people sentenced to die has sharply declined in the new century. From 1994 to 2000, the death row population grew
by an average of 296 people each year.
In 2000, there were only 226 new death sentences. In 2001, the number fell to 155, the lowest recorded since Throughout time, the number of juveniles sentenced to death also
has decreased, which is part of the reason
in 2005 the Supreme Court outright abolished the juvenile death penalty.

3. Why the sharp decline in jury sentences of death?
One important factor has been media coverage about wrongful convictions of people on death row.
These cases involved DNA technologies to examine evidence that can conclusively refute the finding of guilt.
Some people speculate that jurors, now very much aware that the justice system is imperfect , are fearful of putting an innocent person to death and as a result are choosing instead to sentence people to life in prison without the possibility of parole.
Of the thirty-­eight states that have death penalty laws, thirty-­six have life without parole statutes.

4. Why the sharp decline in jury sentences of death?
Another possible explanation for the decline in sentences of death is the reluctance of prosecutors to incur the high costs of litigating capital punishment cases.
According to one estimate, prosecution costs in a non-­capital case rarely exceed $10,000, but because of the large number of procedural safeguards built into death penalty cases, they can routinely reach $500,000 or more.

5. Why the sharp decline in jury sentences of death?
General erosion of support has occurred among the public for the death penalty as an answer to crime.
With growing media attention on ineffective counsel in criminal cases, governors imposing moratoriums on the death penalty, and the U.S. Supreme Court’s ban on the execution of people with mental retardation (Atkins v. Virginia [2002]), enthusiasm for the death penalty is slowly fading.
Still, the death penalty remains an option in most states and is an important feature of the criminal justice landscape.

6. Death Penalty Writing Assignment
People have argued for centuries about the morality of capital punishment.
Most nations have banned the practice as uncivilized, but as of September 2010, U.S. states, the federal government, and the military allow it.
Depending on your opinion on the death penalty right now, write an essay responding to the relevant questions on your handout.
The goal is to get you to think critically about all arguments in favor of and against the death penalty.

7. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
The death penalty is unlike any other punishment in that it is not only permanent and irreversible but requires an act of state violence against the condemned prisoner.
For these reasons, the Supreme Court has long
struggled with the issue and faced repeated claims that executions of juveniles are horrific and uncivilized.

8. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
The colonies and the states that would later form the United States have a long history of executing juveniles who commit murder.
The first such execution of a convict under the age of eighteen took place in 1642 in Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts.

9. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
At the beginning of 2005, the laws of twenty states permitted executions of juveniles, but few engaged in the practice.
In fact, a number of states had actively backed away from executing juvenile offenders.
For example, in 1992 Indiana increased the minimum age for imposing the death penalty to eighteen.
Montana did the same in Bills were introduced in ten state legislatures that would raise to eighteen the legal limit for imposition of capital punishment.
Nonetheless, in the majority of states that permitted the
death penalty, if a prosecutor decided that a juvenile had committed an especially terrible murder and demonstrated a lack of regard for human life, he or she could choose to seek the death penalty.

10. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
The juvenile death penalty has long been controversial. Its supporters believe that it is just punishment for young people who commit savage crimes.
If you are old enough to take someone else's life, you are old enough to suffer the loss of your own.
Juries could decide whether the defendant was sufficiently mature to understand what he or she was doing.
Furthermore, supporters of the juvenile death penalty argue that the punishment deters criminal gangs and drug-­dealing operations from recruiting minors to commit murders for them.

11. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
Should they be killed because of bad decisions they make as minors?
Opponents of the juvenile death penalty point out that juveniles are not trusted to vote, drink alcohol, or make personal medical decisions.
Society already acknowledges the intellectual immaturity and inadequate judgment of young people.
Opponents argue that little reliable evidence is available that the death penalty works to prevent young people, who are often impulsive and shortsighted, from committing crimes.
These critics have long argued that the United States until recently the only democratic country with a juvenile death penalty should join the rest of the world in abolishing the punishment.

12. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
Mirroring recent general trends, prosecutors began seeking the death penalty for juveniles less often, and juries imposed it less frequently.
In 1994, eighteen juveniles were sentenced
to death; in 1999 fourteen were, and by only two juveniles were. Between and 2005, six states banned the execution of juveniles.

13. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
In Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988), the Court found that executions of people under sixteen violate the Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment and are thus unconstitutional. The court reasoned that giving the death penalty to children in this age range would not serve to deter criminals from committing violent crimes because adolescents have less capacity to control their conduct and to think in long-range terms…”

14. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
However, one year after Thompson v. Oklahoma, the Supreme Court heard a case involving a capital defendant who was seventeen years old when he committed crimes murder, sodomy, robbery, and receiving stolen property for which he was sentenced to death.
In another case, Missouri certified as an adult a juvenile defendant who was sixteen years old when he committed a murder.
He was convicted of first-­degree murder and sentenced to death.

15. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
The Supreme Court merged the two cases and held in Stanford v. Kentucky that imposition of capital punishment on a defendant for a crime committed at sixteen or seventeen years of age did not violate evolving standards of decency, and therefore, did not constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment.

16. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
Like the juvenile death penalty opponents, those against sentencing mentally retarded persons to death were facing opposition in the courts as well.
In the 1989 case Penry v. Lynaugh, the Supreme Court decided that executing a mentally retarded person did not mentally retarded person did not violate evolving standards of decency, and therefore did not violate the Eight Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment.
However, the Court revisited this issue when it agreed
to hear Atkins v. Virginia in 2002.
In Atkins, the Supreme Court held that executing a

17. The Supreme Court and the Juvenile Death Penalty
In Atkins, the Supreme Court held that executing a mentally retarded adult is cruel and unusual punishment because it exacts retribution against a person who does not fully comprehend what he has done.
That decision, which overruled the Penry case, gave opponents of the juvenile death penalty hope that the Supreme Court would return its attention to the “evolving standards of decency” under the Eight Amendment.
The biggest success for juvenile death penalty opponents came in January 2004, when the Supreme Court agreed to examine Roper v. Simmon.

18. Roper v. Simmon
The case raised the issue of whether executing an offender who was seventeen years old at the time of the crime violates the Eight Amendment’s protection against cruel and unusual punishment. The court heard oral arguments in October 2004 and issued a ruling March 1, In a 5-­4 decision, a divided court held that executing juveniles violates the eight Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment.
Scott Allen Hain at the time of the decision the most recent person to have been executed (in April 2003) in Oklahoma for a crime he committed as a juvenile missed the possibility of his sentence being commuted by less than one year.

19. Roper v. Simmon
In deciding that individuals under the age of 18 should not be executed, the Court relied on sociological and scientific research to determine the applicable “evolving standards of decency”.
The Court looked to scientific studies that proved that juveniles lack maturity and a sense of responsibility that adults possess.
The Court also referenced studies demonstrating that juveniles are more vulnerable to negative influences and outside pressures.
In support of the Court cited the “national consensus” exhibited by other laws prohibiting minors from enjoying the privileges adults enjoy, such as voting, serving on juries, and marrying without parental consent.

20. Roper v. Simmon
The Court also looked to the infrequency with which states were applying capital punishment for juvenile offenders, in addition to death penalty practices in other countries.
Between 1990 and when the case was heard in 2004, the United States was among only eight countries who had executed a juvenile.
These countries include Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo , and China. Unlike the United States, however, all of these countries had either stopped or publicly disavowed executing juveniles.
With all of this in mind, Justice Kennedy, who wrote the majority opinion in Roper, stated that “the death is disproportionate punishment for offenders under 18.” This decision effectively overruled Stanford v. Kentucky.

21. Advocates, Opponents, and the Sniper
Lee Boyd Malvo, a seventeen-­year-­old Jamaican youth, was charged with murder by the state of Virginia in connection with the October 2002 sniper shootings in the Washington, D.C., area that left ten people dead. For almost a month, residents of the metropolitan Washington area were afraid to leave their houses, stop for gas, or go grocery shopping, for fear of becoming a victim in this spree of drive-­by shootings.
Malvo, by media accounts a quiet, respectful young man living illegally in the United States with his mother, was traveling with John Allen Muhammad, a forty-­one-­year-­old army veteran of Operation Desert Storm who took Malvo under his wing and kept him to a strictly regimented diet. Virginia prosecuted Malvo as an adult.