1. MEDIA INDUSTRIES

2. Discuss: 1. Media texts as products of institutional, economic and industrial processes. 2. The production, distribution and exhibition of media texts. 3. The advances in media technologies and how it effects the production and consumption of media

4. “The film industry comprises the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking, i.e., film production companies, film studios, cinematography, film production, screen-writing, pre- / Post- production, Film festivals, distribution, actors, directors and film crew.”  Hollywood  Bollywood  UK film Industry

5.  The cinema of the United States often generally referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century.

7. 1886  Landowners Harvey & Daeida Henderson Wilcox named their farm Hollywood after Daeida met a woman in Ohio whose country house was called “Hollywood” for the English holly and woods. 1911  The first motion picture studio in Hollywood was built by the Nestor Motion Picture Company on Sunset and Gower corner. Nestor Studios merged one year later with Universal Film Company. Four major film companies – Paramount, Warner Bros., RKO and Columbia – had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. A new commercial and retail sector opened up.ParamountWarner Bros.RKOColumbia

8. 1915  William Fox starts the Fox Film Foundation with studios built in New Jersey and Hollywood.  D.W. Griffith's "Birth of a Nation" is released. Hailed as the most important film of all time for American movie history for introducing story flashbacks, dramatic close-ups, cross- cutting. 1916  Paramount is created when Jesse L. Lasky Co. merges with Adolph Zukor's Famous Players Film Co. 1923  To publicize a new housing development, a sign is erected for Hollywoodland. The -land was taken off in 1949.

9. 1928  Mickey Mouse debuted in the first synchronized sound cartoon “Steamboat Willie” by the Disney Brothers Production Company. The cartoon was drawn and filmed in their garage in Los Feliz. 1929  The first Oscar Awards Ceremony is held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, across from the Chinese Theater, by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

10.  Since the 1920s, the American film industry has grossed more money every year than that of any other country. Hollywood is ranked as the no.1 film industry in the world. It produces roughly 500 films a year.

11.  Bollywood is the informal term popularly used for the Hindi- language film industry based in Mumbai and not the whole of Indian cinema. It is derived from Bombay.  India is the largest producer of films in the world, in terms of ticket sales and number of films produced i.e. 1000 movies per year. The Indian film industry is Multi-Lingual. The industry is supported mainly by a vast film- going Indian public, and Indian films have been gaining increasing popularity in the rest of the world—notably in countries with large numbers of expatriate Indians.

12.  However, unlike Hollywood, Bollywood does not exist as a physical place. Though some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood, it has its own entry in the Oxford English Dictionary.

13.  Raja Harishchandra (1913) is known as the first silent feature film made in India. By the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum  Following India’s Independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is regarded by film historians as the "Golden Age" of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period. Examples include the Pyaasa (1957), Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959), Awaara (1951),Shree 420 (1955), Mother India (1957) and K. Asif's Mughal-e- Azam (1960)Pyaasa Kaagaz Ke Phool AwaaraShree 420Mother IndiaK. AsifMughal-e- Azam

14.  In the late 1960s and early 1970s, romance movies and action films starred actors like Rajesh Khanna and Sharmila Tagore.  In the mid-1970s, romantic confections made way for gritty, violent films about gangsters and bandits using Amitab Bachan as an actor, which lasted into the early 1990s.

15.  The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity in the world. This led the nation's filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances in areas such as special effects, animation, and so on.  Some of the largest production houses, among them Yash Raj Films and Dharma Productions were the producers of new modern films

16.  The United Kingdom has had a significant film industry for over a century. The first moving pictures developed on celluloid film were made in London in 1889 by British inventor William Friese Greene. Some of the most commercially successful films of all films have been produced in the United Kingdom, including the two highest-grossing film series (Harry Potter and James Bond).

17.  The 'golden age' of British cinema is usually thought to have occurred in the 1940s, during which the directors David Lean, Michel Powell, and Carol Reed produced their most highly acclaimed work.  The identity of the British industry, and its relationship with Hollywood, has been the subject of debate. The history of film production in Britain has often been affected by attempts to compete with the American industry. Numerous British-born directors, including Alfred Hitchcock and Ridley Scott, and performers, such as Charlie Chaplin and Cary Grant, have achieved success primarily through their work in the United States.Alfred HitchcockRidley Scott Charlie ChaplinCary Grant

18.  In 2009 British films grossed around $2 billion worldwide and achieved a market share of around 7% globally and 17% in the United Kingdom.  UK box-office takings totalled £1.1 billion in 2012,with 172.5 million admissions.  The annual British Academy Film Awards hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts are the British equivalent of the Oscars.

19.  The first moving picture was shot in Leeds (1888)  The Lumiere Brothers show first came to London in 1896.

20.  AlfredHitchcock’s Blackmail (1929) is often regarded as the first British sound feature.Blackmail  The British New Wave film makers attempted to produce social realist films attempted in commercial feature films released between around 1959 and 1963 to convey narratives about a wider spectrum of people in Britain than the country's earlier films had done.

21.  As the 1960s progressed, American studios returned to financially supporting British films, Films like Darling, Alfie, Georgy Girl, and The Knack …and How to Get It all explored this phenomenon. DarlingAlfieGeorgy GirlThe Knack …and How to Get It

22.  The first decade of the 21st century was a relatively successful one for the British film industry. Many British films found a wide international audience due to funding from BBC Films, Film 4 and the UK Film Council, and some independent production companies, such as Working Title, secured financing and distribution deals with major American studios.  The film industry remains an important earner for the British economy. According to a UK Film Council press release of 20 January 2011, £1.115 billion was spent on UK film production during 2010.

25.  Writing a script, setting a budget, crewing up cast, filming, editing. The process of making a film/films.

26.  The studio buys the rights, the studio makes a licensing agreement with a distribution company, they decide how many copies of the films are made, the negotiate the deals of selling

27.  Important part of the release to maximize revenues. (trailers / posters / cards / etc)

28.  Companies owning the particular media institutions.

29.  Different elements of a company working together to produce one thing.

30.  A sudden increase in the media networks/ hardwares/etc available.

31.  Usage of machines, systems and techniques to generate media content

32.  Research about a particular media industry of your choice (Hollywood, Bollywood or UK film industry) and brief about its production, distribution, marketing, ownership, Synergy, proliferation in technology and usage of technology.