1. Sequencing a genome
(a) outline the steps involved in sequencing the genome of an organism;
(b) outline how gene sequencing allows for genome-wide comparisons between individuals and between species;

2. Genome size & complexity
Increasing complexity
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoa
Inverterbrates
Mammals
Plants
Issues for consideration when sequencing:
DNA source
Genome size
Repeat content
Duplications and inversions
Issues for consideration when annotating:
Genome size
Repeat content
Splicing
Genefinding resources
Likely comparator species
Yeast duplicated 100 mya
Wheat is hexaploid (6 copies)

3. Genome sequencing Sequencing involves:
DNA fragmenting into small pieces
Sequence determination
Assembly into large contiguous sequences
Problems occur:
Cloning steps
Bacterial transformation and amplification
Sequencing chemistry
Assembly of repetitive regions

4. Sequencing a Genome 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

5. Sequence coverage
Most genome sequences are not complete (not finished). Whole Genome Shotguns are referred to as having an X-fold coverage.
Low coverage (2x) is sufficient for gene discovery and some regulatory element identification.
High coverage (6x) is good for gene annotation. There will still be some missing genes.
Finished sequence has no gaps and is presumed to contain all genes.

6. The sequencing of the human genome
Animation of genome sequencing

7. Some current and potential applications of genome research include
Molecular medicine
Energy sources and environmental applications
Risk assessment
Bioarchaeology, anthropology, evolution, and human migration
DNA forensics (identification)
Agriculture, livestock breeding, and bioprocessing
Detail of each bullet point