1. TOURISM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT
Tourism Policy

2. TODAY Case study “Kenya”
Describe the elements of tourism Policy model & how they are used to form a tourism policy for a destination
Explain the roles of tourism organizations at different levels, global, national, multi-country, regional & local organizations

3. Role of government in the tourism development
Kenya’s economy dependent on export crops, mainly coffee & tea which in mid 1960s prices fell dramatically; as result......
Tourism was the alternative sector for the government
In Kenya, government played a crucial role in the development of tourism

4. Role of government in the tourism development
Tourism industry in Kenya includes unique tourism attractions, unique wildlife heritage and beaches

5. Roles & activities of government of Kenya
Upgraded the department of tourism into Ministry of Tourism & Wildlife responsible for all matters to the development & management of tourism
To establish & manage hotels, restaurants & other tourist enterprises

6. Roles & activities of government of Kenya
To train, develop professional manpower
To promote the tourism products of Kenya in domestic & international markets
To regulate & control the establishment of hotels, restaurants

7. Roles & activities of government of Kenya
Establishment of Kenya Tourism Development Corporation (KTDC) which became the public investment arm in the tourism sector

8. Roles & activities of government of Kenya
The government created a good conditions to attract external foreign (multi-national) capital investment through tax concessions & other facilities
As consequences of active involvement of government resulted in rapid & expanded development

9. Kenya’s well developed & flourishing tourism sector is in decline
In 1998 hotel occupancy has been less that 50% in most of the country’s major tourism centers
Decline of the number of tourist arrivals to Kenya; there was 20% drop in international arrivals.
The coast region which receives over 60% of total tourists arrivals was a major decline of almost 50% from tourists(1996) to less than arrivals (1997).

10. Lessons learned (what went wrong?)
From the beginning stage, there was lack of expertise in the development & implementation of appropriate tourism policy
Over the years the Kenya Government basically promoted the development of mass tourism with only aim of increasing foreign exchange receipts.
There were no clear regulations on the location & distribution of the tourism facilities relative to existing social & environmental considerations

11. Lessons learned
Rapid development resulted in unplanned tourism, because of the lack of appropriate land-use policy regulations
Private investors tended to put their capital in locations perceived to have high potential for quick profit (Coast, popular wildlife parks)
Weak infrastructure;
Reduction of the quality of tourism product
Kenya is not an attractive destination anymore

12. Alternative tourism policy framework
From centralized government to decentralized government
Government should detach itself from direct involvement
Government invitation of foreign tourism experts which:
Appears good on paper, but rarely implemented because of lack of implementation procedures/tourism expertise

13. Alternative tourism policy framework
There is a need for the government to include participation of the broader scope of tourism stakeholders
Tourism policy should be flexible & dynamic process, assessment & evaluation
Government should minimize the dominant role & control of foreign multi-national tourism corp.
Locals should be empowered to determine what forms of tourism they want to develop in their respective communities

14. Alternative tourism policy framework key questions
What role should tourism play in the overall regional & national economy?
What form or type of tourism programs should the country develop & Why?
What forms of private sector investments should be encouraged in the development of tourism industry?
What role should local communities play in the design, planning, implementation and management of the tourism projects
What could be the social and environmental impacts of tourism development?

15. CONCLUSIONS
Because of socio-economic conditions in most of the Third World, especially in Africa, government has always to play a major role in the development of tourism
The current situation indicates that there is a need for the government to redefine its role of the development of tourism vis-á-vis that of other interest groups
Finally, government should concentrate on creating an enabling legal and socio-economic environment for private sector initiative to develop .

16. Tourism Policy…… define?
Tourism Policy is “ whatever governments choose to do or not to do” (Hall and Jenkins 1995)
Tourism policy-making is inherently a political activity, affected by the formal structures of governments
A tourism policy provides a set of guidelines for all those directly and indirectly involved in tourism by specifying broad goals, objectives, priorities and actions for the future development of tourism.

17. TOURISM POLICY MODEL

18. TOURISM POLICY FORMULATION
DESTINATION AREA NEEDS & TOURISM GOALS
CONSTRAINTS
EXTERNAL- CLIMATE, ECONOMY etc.
INTERNAL-AVAILABILITY OF LAND/INVESTMEN/ HR, LOCAL USE, QUALITY OF ATTRACTIONS.
TOURISM OBJECTIVES/ SPECIFIC GOALS
CONFLICT MIGHT BE ARISE: CASINOS

19. ELEMENTS OF A TOURISM POLICY MODEL
PROGRAMMES
STRATEGIES
PRIORITIES &
ACTIONS

20. TOURISM STRATEGY FOR WALES 2000-2010

21. ACTIONS/environment Raise awareness of the business benefits
Ensure that business in receipt of WTB grant support are held accountable for compliance with approved environmental friendly criteria
Encourage visitors to Wales to consider use of public transport.

22. TOURISM STRATEGY FOR WALES 2000-2010

23. ACTIONS/community
Encourage the development of community tourism partnerships
Encourage tourism businesses to source a greater proportion of goods & services from local suppliers, to employ local people & to deliver a distinctive Welsh experience for visitors.

24. TOURISM STRATEGY FOR WALES 2000-2010

25. ACTIONS/extending the season
Increase the emphasis given in UK marketing strategies to national campaigns promoting non-peak season short/additional holidays.
Encourage accommodation and attraction businesses and essential infrastructure facilities to open for a longer season

26. GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPINGS OF TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS
GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS
MULTI-COUNTRY REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS
PROVINCIAL OR REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
LOCAL TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS

27. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM STIMULATORS
WTO
WORLD BANK
WTTC
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) (UNEP)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (EC)

28. WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (WTO)
COMMUNICATION & DOCUMENTATION
COOPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING
QUALITY OF TOURISM SERVICES
STATISTICS AND MARKET RESEARCH

29. MULTI-COUNTRY REGIONAL TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
REDUCING BARRIERS TO TRAVEL
CONDUCTING RESEARCH
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
DEVELOPING COMMON STANDARDS
SHARING OF INFORMATION

30. NTO/NTA
INDEPENDENT MINISTRY: GOVERNMENTAL, PART OF THE CIVIL SERVICE (INDONISIA)
GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY OR BUREAU (TAT, CHILE)
QUANGO’S: QUASI-PUBLIC, GOVERNMENT-FUNDED AUTHORITY, BOARD
PRIVAT, INDIRECTLY SUPPORTED BY GOVERNMENTAL FUNDING

31. NTO’S SUPPLY-SIDE ROLES
CONDUCTING INVENTORIES AND ASSESSMENTS OF TH DESTINATION
COORDINATING THE NATIONAL TOURISM PLANNING PROCESS
ESTABLISHING STANDARDS
OPERATING TRAINING AND EDUCATION PROGRAMS
PROVIDING FINANCIAL INCENTIVES

32. NTO’S DEMAND-SIDE ROLES
FACILITATING INBOUND INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL
CONDUCTING MARKETING RESEARCH
MARKETING INBOUND INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL
REPRESENTING THE NATION’S TOURISM IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

33. RTO/LTO THEIR ROLES PROMOTING DOMESTIC TRAVEL
TRAVEL INFORMATION CENTRES
FAMILIARIZATION TRIPS
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
OFFERING TRANING & EDUCATION
DEVELOPING PACKAGE TOURS

34. Questions
Which key questions should be considered when designing a tourism policy?
What are the components of Tourism Policy Model?
What are the roles of WTO/RTO?
What is meant by: QUANGO’S?

35. Next week Tourism Planning Process Mill & Morrison: chapter 5
Reader: Tourism Development in Anguilla p.52-58