1. States of Matter

2. Kinetic Theory of Matter
All matter is made of molecules/atoms that act like tiny particles.
Molecules are always in motion! The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move.
At the same temperature, heavier particles move slower than lighter particles.

3. Tennis Ball/Box Demo Small vibrations = Solid
More Energy Added in the form of heat energy, bouncing inside box = Liquid
Even More Energy Added in the form of heat energy, balls falling out of box = Gas (evaporation) Heavier molecules evaporate at a slower rate.
Putting the balls back into the box = Condensation

4. Why metal balls inside some of the tennis balls?
Heavier molecules take more energy to evaporate.
Lighter molecules evaporate more readily.
Video – Kinetic Molecular Theory
Watch as the water molecules gain enough kinetic energy to evaporate.

5. How does thermal energy affect the state of a substance?
Thermal Energy interactive Video – Investigate at home
Video molecules in motion

6. Temperature
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the atoms (or molecules) in a system.
Temperature measures how “hot” something is.

7. Temperature Scales Fahrenheit (English system)
Water freezes at 32⁰ F and boils at 212⁰ F.
Celsius
freezing point of water is 0⁰ C, and boiling point is 100⁰ C.
Kelvin (scale that is based on energy content)
At zero Kelvin (absolute zero) all molecular motion stops.
Scientists have figured out a way to get a temperature only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero.

8. 5 States of Matter
Elements and compounds can move from one phase to another when specific physical conditions are present.
When the temperature of a system goes up, the matter in the system becomes more excited and active.
As the temperature rises, matter moves to a more active state.

9. 5 States/Phases of Matter
Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC)
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Plasmas

10. Bose-Einstein Condensate
In 1995, two scientists, Cornell and Weiman, created the condensate.
Two other scientists, Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein, had predicted it in the 1920s, but they didn't have the equipment and facilities to make it happen at that time.
BECs can only be created with a few special elements. Cornell and Weiman did it with rubidium (Rb).

11. What is a Condensate? Think Condensation
Condensation happens when several gas molecules come together and form a liquid. The molecules get denser or packed closer together.
It all happens because of a loss of energy. Gases are really excited atoms. When they lose energy, they slow down and begin to collect.
Water (H2O) vapor in the form of steam condenses on the lid of your pot when you boil water. It cools on the metal and becomes a liquid again. You would then have a condensate.

12. Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)
Super unexcited and super cold atoms.
Colder than solids
Occur at temperatures near absolute 0 ((0 K, − °C, or −459 °F )
Atoms begin to clump - no more energy to transfer
creating a "super atom." The atoms take on the same qualities and become one blob – No longer separate atoms

13. Bose-Einstein Basics

14. Bose-Einstein Basics

15. What is a solid? Solids have a definite shape definite volume.
Molecules are tightly packed
Cannot move freely, can only vibrate
Molecules stay fairly still.
Has a stable, definite shape
Energy and temperature are very low

16. Solids are broadly characterized as
Crystalline Solids- Repeating pattern Examples
Ghost crystals crystals in rocks
Salt rock candy
Copper Sulfate
Amorphous Solids- - Non-repeating pattern
Examples
Wax play dough
hand putty peanut butter
Gum clay

17. What is a liquid? Liquids have
no definite shape, take shape of container in which it is held
Definite volume.
Molecules are closely packed
Molecules vibrate and slide around one another easily.
• Energy and temperature, in comparison to a solid, are higher.

18. What is a Gas? Gases have indefinite and unstable shape
No definite volume, volume determined by container
Molecules can vibrate, slide, spin, and bounce off of one another.
Molecules are far apart and can move around quickly.
• Energy and temperature are higher than those of both solids and liquids.
Gases diffuse (move from higher concentrations to lower)
Heat will increase the rate of diffusion.

19. What is plasma?
Charged particles --Ionized Gas-- a cloud of protons, neutrons and electrons where all the electrons have come loose from the atoms
This is an extreme gas! Strikes the other atoms so forcefully it knocks off an electron!
These gases
vibrate,
Slam into one another causing bright gases,
lots of heat
lots of energy.
Hotter than gas! A plasma occurs when the temperature is between 1000 degrees C and 1,000,000,000 degrees C

20. Plasma Examples Neon Signs Our Sun, the core of stars Lightning
Plasma TV
Aurora Borealis
plasma balls
Plasma Cutters

21. Plasma the 4th State of Matter

23. A Phase Change A "phase" describes a physical state of matter.
If energy is added (like increasing the temperature) or if energy is taken away (like freezing something), you have created a physical change.

24. A Phase Change
A compound or element can move from one phase to another, but still be the same substance.
It may require extreme temperatures or extreme pressures, but it can be done. 

26. Melting
SOLID  LIQUID
Melting Point - the temperature at which matter changes from solid to liquid, (e.g. The melting point of water from ice to liquid water is 0 °C)

27. Super Heated Steam Video
Evaporation
LIQUID  GAS
Boiling a liquid to form a gas is called vaporization.
Super Heated Steam Video

28. How does evaporation differ from vaporization?

29. Vaporization, Boiling, Evaporation

30. Boiling vs. Evaporation

32. SOLID  GAS Examples: Mothballs in closet Dry ice
Sublimation
SOLID  GAS Examples: Mothballs in closet Dry ice

33. Condensation
GAS  LIQUID Examples: Glass of ice water Bathroom mirror after shower Dew on grass.

34. Freezing or Solidification
LIQUID  SOLID
Water is the only known substance that expands as it freezes. Most substances contract.

35. Deposition GAS  SOLID Examples:
Frost on glass- Water vapor becoming a solid

36. Pressure and Phase Change
If lowering the temperature won’t get a liquid to change to a solid just apply pressure.
By applying pressure you are “pushing” the molecules together.

37. Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion is the tendency of a matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature.
Examples:
Sidewalk cracking
Bridges
Demo – Hand Boiler

39. Heating and Cooling Curves
Heating Curve Link