1. Opportunities and Challenges for New Zealand's Energy Future Rosalind Archer Energy Research Theme Leader Faculty of Engineering University of Auckland

2. Source: United Nations Environment Program, Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment, 2011

3. International Context Source: United Nations Environment Program, Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment, 2011

4. International Statistics 200820092010 Investment in new renewable capacity (annual)130160211 billion USD Renewables power capacity (existing)1,1401,2301,320 GWe Hydropower capacity (existing)9509801,010 GWe Wind power capacity (existing)121159198 GWe Solar PV capacity (grid-connected)162340 GWe Solar hot water capacity (existing)130160185 GWth Ethanol production (annual)677686 billion liters Countries with policy targets for renewable energy use798998 Source: Wikipedia

5. NZ Electricity Source: NZ Energy Quarterly, Ministry of Economic Development, June 2011

6. NZ Electricity Projections Source: NZ Energy Outlook, Ministry of Economic Development, 2010

7. NZ Oil Source: NZ Energy Quarterly, Ministry of Economic Development, June 2011

8. NZ CO 2 Emissions Source: NZ Energy Quarterly, Ministry of Economic Development, June 2011

9. Fossil Fuels: Challenge Domestic oil production in decline. Oil price? Energy Outlook assumes 120 PJ per annum new gas production from 2017 to 2030. Exploration?

10. Gas Hydrates GNS estimates NZ could have 5 to 50 tcf of methane recoverable from hydrate deposits (Maui = 4 tcf) Recovery process? Economics?

11. Coal Can natural gas be produced practically and economically from coal-beds in NZ? Underground coal gassification being trialled by Solid Energy. Image: www.gwv.co.za

12. Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Can carbon dioxide be safely and effectively stored underground? Subsurface pore space that is the most well understood is depleted oil & gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers have large volumes. Public perception/confidence?

13. Geothermal Energy How did our deep geothermal systems evolve, how should they be best produced? Projects planned to produce deeper resources and use binary plants to produce lower temperature resources. Image: Courtesy of Prof. Mike O’Sullivan

14. Enhanced Geothermal – Hot Dry Rock Cold water injected into one well and produced as hot water via another well. Likely to require fracturing. Image: http://esd.lbl.gov/IMG/research/projects/induced_seismicity/egs/Geothermal-Plant.gif

15. Wind Energy – Wind Farm Design Novel wind speed monitoring devices. How should wind flow be modelled in complex terrain? Where should turbines be placed (optimally)? Image: Courtesy of Stuart Donovan

16. Wind Energy - Challenges Offshore wind developments? Environment court/RMA approvals? Image: http://www.windenergyplanning.com/european-offshore-wind-supergrid-deal-signed/

17. Wind - Economics NZ Wind Energy Association believes wind can generate 20% of our electricity. Economic modelling by Infometrics suggests development of more wind energy could mean every New Zealander would be $390 better off per annum by 2030 (assuming an increase in wholesale gas prices and a carbon price of $50/tonne).

18. Tidal/Wave Energy Crest Energy’s Kaipara project was approved in early 2011. Movement of 8,000 million cubic metres of water through the harbour will be harnessed to generate 200 kW electricity. IRL marine generator being tested off Wellington. Will this lead to more development? Image: Pelarmis device, Wikipedia

19. Biofuels/Bioenergy Novel process developed to react vaporised tallow with methanol to create bio-diesel. By 2040, 30% of NZ’s transport fuels could be derived from Biomass (BERL, August 2011) – largest fraction from woody biomass and short rotation crops.

20. Green Energy Systems Use of an electric vehicle, which already has a powerful battery, not just for mobility but also to supplement existing household energy storage as appropriate. Image: Courtesy of Dr Udaya Madawala Likely to help increase the penetration of wind energy into the grid.

21. Inductive Power Transfer Wireless transfer of electric charge applicable to electric vehicle charging. Toll lanes to charge vehicles on motorways? Parking spaces that charge your vehicle while you park? Image: www.haloipt.com

22. Green Computing Data centres consume 0.2% of world electricity and emissions could quadruple by 2020 (McKinsey) Optimisation models for automatic design of clustered data storage systems, leading to reduced energy consumption.

23. Phase Change Materials How can we use phase change materials to improve energy efficiency? Image: Courtesy of Prof. Mohammed Farid

24. Closing Remarks Technology only one factor in advances in renewable. Policy, regulation, and social acceptance also very important.