1. Fall of the Ottoman Empire and Conflict in SW Asia

2. United States Constitution
How many branches are there in the U.S. government?
How long is the president’s term?
Name two houses of Congress.
Term for dividing power between national and state governments.
First word in the Constitution.
What is our national court called?
The Constitution is a set of __?
What group elects the president?

3. Standard SS7G8
The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia leading into the 21st Century.

4. Elements
Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict.
Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connection to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism and Zionism in Europe.

5. Describe how land and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East.
Explain U.S. presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict and invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.
Elements

6. Warm Up & Review What is a theocracy? Explain the idea of toleration?
Why is owing money bad?
List two things that happened in World War I.
What is the difference between an ethnic group and a religious group?
What are the two divisions of Islam?

7. Muslim Empires Leader – Caliph Theocracy Duty to spread Allah’s rule
United Middle East under one government
Created extensive trading system
Theocracy
Government by a religious leader
Iran is a theocracy today.

8. Ottoman Empire’s Lands

9. Ottoman Empire
Turkey, North Africa, Southwest Asia and Southeast Europe.
Capital City – Constantinople
Leaders – Sultans
Tolerant of other religions
Legal system – justice
Powerful, stable, wealthy empire

10. Reasons for the Decline of Ottoman Empire
Weakened by too many wars
Land lost to national groups and Europeans
Ottomans’ technology begin to fall behind
Europe
Financial issues – tax collections – high debt
On losing side in World War I

11. Ottoman Empire & WWI
What’s left of the Ottoman Empire enters WWI ( ) on Austrian-Hungarian Empire & Germany’s side (Central Powers)
motive was to regain some of the land they lost.
In 1916, France and England agreed on how to divide up the Ottoman Empire if their side (Allied Powers) won the war: known as Sykes-Picot Agreement.

12. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

13. Map of Lost Ottoman Land

14. Results of WWI & Partitioning
When the Ottomans and the rest of the Central Powers lost…
The Sultanate (1922) and the Caliphate (1924) ended
Republic of Turkey was created out of the Ottoman Empire 1923
All other land that was under the control of the Ottoman’s was given to France and UK as a mandate
British and French partitioned (divided) the Middle East into countries;
THIS CREATES ARTIFICIAL POLITICAL BORDERS
DID NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE NATURAL DIVISIONS IN THE REGION – BLENDED GROUPS

15. Collapse of Ottoman Empire 1924
Created lack of central authority
European nations step in to establish order
Set boundaries which exist today.
Boundaries did not reflect ethic or natural divisions
Blended different groups
Source of future conflict in region and in Europe

16. Middle East

17. Assessment European World War I Islam Theocracy Constaninople Sultan
Capital of Ottoman Empire
War which ended the Ottoman Empire
Religion of most people in Ottoman Empire
Rule by religious people
Name for Ottoman rulers
Nations which established order after Ottoman Empire
European
World War I
Islam
Theocracy
Constaninople
Sultan

18. Israel Becomes a State -1948
After winning World War II, Allied leaders desire state for Jews.
Zionists – support state for European Jews
Holocaust – Six million Jewish folks killed in Europe because of Anti-Semitism.
European leaders decide to give Jews their traditional homeland in Palestine.

19. Israel
United States gives immediate support & recognition to the new Jewish state.
Palestinian Arabs who lived in the area were opposed to the new state.

20. Suez Crisis
Egypt takes over the Suez Canal to raise money for a dam on the Nile River.
Israel invades Egypt with British and U.S. support.
Egypt sinks 40 ships in Suez Canal.
United Nations resolves conflict.

21. Six Day War - 1967 Arab nations move troops to the border of Israel.
Israel strikes quickly with U.S. weapons.
Israel captures…
Sinai from Egypt
West Bank from Jordan
Golan Heights from Syria

22. Arab Israeli War 1973 Cause: Revenge for loss of land in 1967.
Arab nations mass forces on borders of Israel.
Israel defeats all attacks
Result: Arabs (OPEC) embargo oil to U.S and Europe.

23. Camp David Accords 1978
President Carter brings leaders of Israel and Egypt to Washington D.C. where peace accord is signed.
President Sadat is assassinated soon after in Egypt.

24. Iran Hostage Crisis 1979
Cause – Shah of Iran is helped by U.S. (which is ally).
Effect – Iran militants seize U.S. Embassy and take 52 American hostages
Released after U.S. election of Reagan

25. Iran–Iraq War 1980 to 1988 Iraq attacks Iran
Iraq desires to be #1 power in Persian Gulf
Religious differences
World War I tactics
500,000 dead
No change in borders

26. Persian Gulf War
Cause – Iraq invades Kuwait to gain control of oil fields
Saddam Hussein – dictator in Iraq
Coalition invades but does not remove Hussein from office.
Oil fields set on fire.
U.S. victory in 100 hours.

27. Iraq
President Bush
Weapons of mass destruction
Terrorism
Saddam Hussein - harsh dictator is captured.
4,476 American soldiers lost lives.
50,000 U.S. soldiers remain to train Iraq security people

28. Afghanistan 100,000 U.S. soldiers
U.S. and Europeans are at war with terrorism, not the Afghan people.
Operation Enduring Freedom
1787 Americans lost
Captured and killed bin Laden

29. Assessment Egypt Iraq Iran Palestine Israel United States Afghanistan
Lost 1967 and 1973 Wars
Defended Kuwait in Gulf War
Created in 1948
Nation led by Saddam Hussein, invaded by U.S.
Where 100,000 U.S. soldiers are defending freedom
Theocracy; fought with Iraq in 1980’s.
U.S. ally in Iraq and Afghanistan
Area in and around Israel
Egypt
Iraq
Iran
Palestine
Israel
United States
Afghanistan
Great Britain