2. Fluorine By Shale Briskin

3. Fluorine General Information The Discovery of Fluorine Characteristics Sources Uses Bohr-Rutherford Diagram Bibliography/References

4. General Information Atomic Number: 9 Atomic Mass Number: 18.998 atomic mass units (amu) Located in Halogen Group 17 and Period 2 Valence Electron Number: 7 Electron Configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 Ionic Bond: -1 Yellowish-brown appearance

5. The Discovery of Fluorine Fluorine was described in fluorite form in 1530 by Georgius Agricola for its use in flux. In 1886, fluorine was finally isolated by Henri Moissan via the electrolysis of potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid. Moissan also thoroughly isolated the fluorine gas from the hydrogen gas. Other chemists had spent the previous 74 years trying to do what Moissan did. The first big-scale production of fluorine was needed for the atomic bomb Manhattan project in World War II.

6. Characteristics See General Info SectionGeneral Info Section Gas phase 3.98 electronegativity (Pauling scale) Toxic 1 st Ionization Energy: 1681 kJ/mol Density: 0°C; 101.325 kPa; 1.7 g/L Melting Point: 53.53 °K; -219.62 °C Atomic Radius: 50 pm Covalent Radius: 71 pm Nonmagnetic Multiple Isotopes, including Fluorine-18

7. Sources Fluorine-18 (a 9-neutron isotope) is an important source of positrons, which are the antiparticle/antimatter counterparts of electrons Fluorine appears in fluorspar (CaF) and cryolite (Na 2 AF 6 ) By electrolyzing a solution of potassium hydrogen fluoride with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in a container of transparent fluorspar or metal, fluorine can be collected Fluorine can also be obtained from mineral fluorite Major mining areas include the U.S., Canada, England, Russia, Mexico, and Italy

8. Uses Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing isotopically fractionated/pure uranium Hydrofluoric acid is used to etch the glass of light bulbs Small amounts of fluorides in water prevent tooth decay Fluorine is indirectly used in the production of low friction plastics such as Teflon, and in halons such as Freon. Sodium hexafluoroaluminate (cryolite), is used in the electrolysis of aluminum Sodium fluoride has been used as an insecticide, and particularly against cockroaches Fluorochlorohydrocarbons are used in both air conditioning and refrigeration

9. Bohr-Rutherford Diagram 19 9 F

10. Bibliography/References Barbalace, Kenneth. Periodic Table of Elements - Fluorine –F. 15 Jan. 2007. <http://EnvironmentalChemistry.com//yogi/periodic/F.html> (15 Jan. 2007). Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Fluorine. 15 Jan. 2007. <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/f.html> (15 Jan. 2007). Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams. 15 Jan. 2007. <http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SNC1D/McIntosh/chemistry/bohr- rutherford_diagrams.htm> (15 Jan. 2007). "Fluorine." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 14 Jan 2007, 18:03 UTC. <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorine&oldid=100692146>. (15 Jan 2007). Helmenstine, Anne Marie. Fluorine. 15 Jan 2007. <http://chemistry.about.com/library/blf.htm> (15 Jan. 2007). "Positron." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 13 Jan 2007, 18:04 UTC. <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positron&oldid=100475302>. (15 Jan 2007). Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education. “It’s Elemental: The Element Fluorine.” 15 Jan. 2007. <http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele009.html> (15 Jan. 2007). Winter, Mark. Periodic Table: Scholar Edition: Fluorine: Uses. 15 Jan. 2007. <http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/elements/fluorine/uses.html> (15 Jan. 2007).