2. History of discrimination in Canada My country was built on the backs of other men.

4. The first federal Chinese Exclusion Act in 1885 imposed a head tax on Chinese immigrants of $50, –increased to $100 in 1900 –and to $500 in 1903. (This amounted to about two years' wages) –From 1886 to 1923, more than $22 million were collected in head tax payments. In 1923 the Chinese Immigration Act came into force, bringing about the almost total prohibition of Chinese immigration to Canada. –repealed in 1947, entry of Chinese remained restricted under more general rules relating to persons of "Asiatic race". Discrimination of Chinese Report on Systemic Racism and Discrimination In Canadian Refugee and Immigration Policies Canadian Council for Refugees 1 November 2000 http://www.web.net/~ccr/antiracrep.htm http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3695/is_199604/ai_n8748787

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Head_Tax_Recipt.jpg

6. Discrimination against Japanese In 1907 a Canadian government delegation to Japan concluded a "gentlemen’s agreement" whereby the Japanese government would voluntarily limit emigration of Japanese to Canada to 400 persons a year. During the Second World War, 22,000 Japanese Canadians were expelled from within a hundred miles of the Pacific, thousands were detained, and at the end of the war, "repatriation" to Japan was encouraged. 4,000 people left, two thirds of them Canadian citizens. Report on Systemic Racism and Discrimination In Canadian Refugee and Immigration Policies Canadian Council for Refugees 1 November 2000 http://www.web.net/~ccr/antiracrep.htm

7. In Our Own Backyard- A Snapshot of Discrimination in Canada by Dale Hall March 2006 http://www.georgebrown.ca/Admin/hr/hra/newsletterMarch2006.pdfhttp://www.georgebrown.ca/Admin/hr/hra/newsletterMarch2006.pdf.

8. encarta.msn.com/media_461551169_761555666_-1_... Canadian naval officers at Esquimalt, British Columbia, confiscate a Japanese Canadian fisherman's boat in 1941. During World War II the Canadian government confined thousands of Japanese Canadians and seized their assets. National Library of Canada

9. People of Indian origin In 1908 the Canadian government adopted an Order in Council imposing a "continuous passage rule" which had the effect of excluding from immigration people who could not make a direct journey to Canada. One of the main targets of this measure was prospective immigrants from India, since there was at the time no direct voyage from India. In 1914 a group of 376 Indians challenged this restriction, arriving in Vancouver on board the Komagatu Maru. After two months in the harbour and an unsuccessful court challenge, they were forced to return. Report on Systemic Racism and Discrimination In Canadian Refugee and Immigration Policies Canadian Council for Refugees 1 November 2000 http://www.web.net/~ccr/antiracrep.htm

10. Komagata Maru- Best Example In 1914, a businessman, Gurdit Singh, chartered a Japanese ship, the Komagata Maru. He loaded up with 376 Indian passengers and headed for Canada. –The vessel arrived at Victoria on 21 May, where everyone on board was vaccinated. They then sailed for Vancouver, where the harbour was lined with angry citizens. They were concerned that the Komagata Maru was carrying the advance guard of what would become a flood of East Indian immigrants. The Canadian government refused to let the people on the ship come ashore. –For two months, the ship sat in Vancouver Harbour, –Eventually, the warship Rainbow was sent for. Looking down the barrels of naval guns was enough, and the Komagata Maru quickly weighed anchor and headed back to Calcutta. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3695/is_199604/ai_n8748787

11. Continuous journey requirment The goal of excluding certain racialized groups was in part accomplished through the rigid enforcement of seemingly neutral immigration, health and financial requirements. For example, the "continuous journey" rule was strictly applied against Asians in the early 20th century, but not against Europeans. At the beginning of the 1920s, during a period of deep hostility towards Eastern Europeans, the rule was also enforced for a while against Europeans. Report on Systemic Racism and Discrimination In Canadian Refugee and Immigration Policies Canadian Council for Refugees 1 November 2000 http://www.web.net/~ccr/antiracrep.htm

12. Jews During the years when the Nazis were in power in Germany (and immediately afterwards), Canadian immigration policy was actively anti- Semitic, The result was that Canada’s record for accepting Jews fleeing the Holocaust is among the worst in the Western world. Canadian policy towards Jewish refugees was summed up in the words of one official: "None is too many". Report on Systemic Racism and Discrimination In Canadian Refugee and Immigration Policies Canadian Council for Refugees 1 November 2000 http://www.web.net/~ccr/antiracrep.htm

13. Blacks Although in the 19th century Canada represented freedom for some black Americans escaping slavery through the underground railroad, in the 20th century immigration of persons of African origin was actively discouraged. –A 1911 Order in Council prohibited "any immigrant belonging to the Negro race, which race is deemed unsuitable to the climate and requirements of Canada". achieved through measures such as penalties imposed on railway companies that distributed transportation subsidies to blacks, requirement for additional medical examinations, the hiring of agents to actively discourage black Americans from coming to Canada. Report on Systemic Racism and Discrimination In Canadian Refugee and Immigration Policies Canadian Council for Refugees 1 November 2000 http://www.web.net/~ccr/antiracrep.htm

14. In June 1919 the entry of Doukhobors, Mennonites and Hutterites was prohibited on the ground of their "peculiar habits, modes of life and methods of holding property". The prohibition lasted until 1922 in the case of Mennonites and Hutterites, longer for Doukhobors. Until the 1960s, Canada chose its immigrants on the basis of their racial categorization rather than the individual merits of the applicant, with preference being given to immigrants of Northern European (especially British) origin over the so-called "black and Asiatic races", and at times over central and southern European "races". Report on Systemic Racism and Discrimination In Canadian Refugee and Immigration Policies Canadian Council for Refugees 1 November 2000 http://www.web.net/~ccr/antiracrep.htm

15. CURRENT POLICIES WITH DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT Requirement that refugees produce "satisfactory identity documents" in order to be granted permanent residence –This requirement negatively affects certain groups of refugees: — Refugees who come from countries where identity is not traditionally established through official documents (notably African countries) –Citizens of countries where there is no government authority that can issue the documents –Groups who are less likely to possess such documents such as youth, women or people from rural areas Report on Systemic Racism and Discrimination In Canadian Refugee and Immigration Policies Canadian Council for Refugees 1 November 2000 http://www.web.net/~ccr/antiracrep.htm

16. Cont. The $975 Right of Landing Fee (ROLF) that all adult immigrants must pay in order to be granted permanent residence. –The $975 fee represents about 6 months salary for many Imposition of visa requirement on nationals of some countries wanting to travel to Canada. –Some nationals (generally from southern countries) need visas and others (generally from "white countries") don’t. Report on Systemic Racism and Discrimination In Canadian Refugee and Immigration Policies Canadian Council for Refugees 1 November 2000 http://www.web.net/~ccr/antiracrep.htm

17. cont Requirement to present official documents (marriage certificates, adoption papers) in order to establish family ties. –This requirement negatively affects people who come from societies where marriage, birth and adoptions are not recorded through documents. Report on Systemic Racism and Discrimination In Canadian Refugee and Immigration Policies Canadian Council for Refugees 1 November 2000 http://www.web.net/~ccr/antiracrep.htm

18. Indian Act, first passed in 1876. The goal: –the destruction of Native culture and the assimilation of Native people into white society. The solution to what was called "the Indian problem" –was simply to make a whole race of people disappear http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3695/is_199604/ai_n8748787

19. Under the Indian Act, travel and property rights were restricted. Many traditional ceremonies and rituals were outlawed. Indians even needed the government's permission to wear traditional costume off the reservation. Native languages were illegal under certain circumstances. And, of course, Indians could not vote in elections. But, perhaps the cruelest aspect was the setting up of residential schools.

20. Residential schools By 1920, it was compulsory for Indian parents to give up their children for education in these residential schools. –Children as young as three were forced to live apart from the security of their families. The children were constantly told about the worthlessness of the society from which they had been "rescued." –Former students recall how countless times they were told they were dirty and lazy and no good. The worst sin a child could commit was to speak his or her own language. The punishment for this was severe. – At Thunderchild School it could mean 100 lashes of a whip. Think about that for a moment -- one hundred lashes.

21. Racism against Blacks For most, life here was better but it wasn't free of racism. –By the 1830s, many churches forced black worshippers to sit in a back gallery known as "Nigger Heaven." –The Separate School Act of 1850 made it possible to force blacks into all - black schools; the last all - black school was still functioning in Alberta in 1960. –In the 1850s, blacks were barred from many hotels in southern Ontario. –In 1860, a theatre in Victoria banned blacks from the good seats. –In 1924, blacks were ordered to stay out of public parks and swimming pools in Edmonton

22. Nowadays 52% of primary school students speak English as a second language the PRC has supplied the biggest number of Canadian immigrants since 2000, –averaging well over 30,000 immigrants per year, totaling an average of 15% of all immigrants to Canada. This wave, however, dropped to only 8,000 a year in 2004. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chinese_immigration_to_Canada

23. Head tax redress. On June 22, 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered a message of redress in the House of Commons, offering an apology in Cantonese and compensation for the head tax once paid by Chinese immigrants. –Survivors or their spouses will be paid approximately $20,000 CAD in compensation. –There are about 20 people whom paid the tax still alive in 2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chinese_immigration_to_Canada

24. Recently The murders of Helen Betty Osborne and Felicia Solomon are two of the cases highlighted in a new report by Amnesty International – –Stolen Sisters: A human rights response to discrimination and violence against Indigenous women in Canada. 1996 Canadian government statistic –Indigenous women between the ages of 25 and 44, with status under the Indian Act, were five times more likely than all other women of the same age to die as the result of violence. http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR200012004

25. $975 Right of Landing Fee - The new Head Tax As of February 1995, all adult immigrants coming to Canada must pay a $975 "Right of Landing Fee" ("ROLF") in order to be granted permanent residence. Initially, the policy was applied to refugees as well; the imposition on refugees was repealed only after years of protest from the communities. The ROLF, or the new Head Tax as it is sometimes called, disproportionately affects immigrants from the South because of the differential income and living standards among the ‘have’ and ‘have-not’ nations. In addition to the $500 processing fee, the new head tax creates a financial barrier for many prospective immigrants from the South who wish to migrate to Canada. A family of four, for instance, would have to pay $3,150 in total fees just to be accepted, an amount that is equivalent to the annual salary of an accountant in El Salvador and three years wages for a nurse in Sri Lanka. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN CANADA RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN CANADA http://www.hrea.org/lists/wcar/markup/doc00000.doc

27. 'Systemic discrimination' against native prison inmates 'Aboriginal people are routinely disadvantaged once they are placed into the custody of the correctional service.' - Correctional Investigator Howard Sapers –Ottawa (18 Oct. 2006) - Canada's national ombudsman for federal prison inmates says Canada is guilty of "systemic discrimination" against aboriginal offenders. –The number of aboriginals in prison climbed 22% between 1996 and 2004, while the general population dropped 12%, For women native prisoners, the numbers were even more dramatic, rising 74% over the same period. Among all prisoners, aboriginals now account for 18.5% of federal inmates, but only 2.7% of the Canadian population. –Public Safety Minister Stockwell Day, the minister responsible for the prison system, was quick to criticize the report after it was made public. –''I visited personally a number of federal institutions and have spent time with aboriginals themselves individually and in groups in the institutions,'' he told MPs in the Commons. ''I am confident in the professionalism of the people who work for Corrections Canada.'' www.nupge.ca/news_2006/n18oc06a.htm

28. THEN

29. www.lawrencemacaulay.ca/Parliament.html

32. www.lcc.gc.ca/about/2004_dis_paper_4-fr.asp