1. EMODnet Chemistry 2 Quality Control inventory Matteo Vinci and Alessandra Giorgetti OGS, Trieste

2. Introduction Data Quality loop QC in the survey The survey Results Summary and Conclusions

3. If done well the management of data quality brings to a number of key advantages: Maintaining Common Standards Acquiring Consistency Ensuring Reliability Quality check is done to… “To ensure the data consistency within a single data set and within a collection of data sets and to ensure that the quality and errors of the data are apparent to the user who has sufficient information to assess its suitability for a task.” (IOC/CEC Manual, 1993)

4. One of the key activities of the network of EMODnet Chemistry is the work done for the quality upgrade and maintenance of the information managed. This work is done through several steps: Providing adequate metadata description to harvest data for resilience Who How Where When What Flagging data after the quality check done by the collating institutes with SeaDataNet qualifier flags (L20 from BODC Vocab Library), 0no quality control 1good value 2probably good value 3probably bad value 4bad value 5changed value 6value below detection 7value in excess 8interpolated value 9missing value Avalue phenomenon uncertain

5. Data are checked, flagged and completed with metadata by National Collators Making further Regional quality checks and reporting the results to the data originators/collators to keep the best copy of data available in the infrastructure.

6. One of the challenges of EMODnet Chemistry 2 project is related to the harmonization and improvement (where possible/ at least at Regional Level) of the QC/QA procedures for the harvested information. For this reasons two separate surveys have been circulated to the whole partnership: one for the QC (ex-post : for controls done at data collection and aggregation phase) – OGS  data oriented one for the QA/QC (ex-ante : for controls done at data production and analytical methods implementation phase) – ISPRA  analytical method oriented Quality controls: The set of quality controls considered in this inventory were divided in some basic categories: Position check: Latitude and longitude have to be valid: Latitude in range -90 to 90 Longitude in range -180 to 180 Position must not be on land. Observation latitude and longitude located in the Ocean …

7. Date check: Date and time of an observation has to be valid: Year 4 digits (this can be tuned according to the data) Month between 1 and 12 Day in range expected for month Hour between 0 and 23 Minute between 0 and 59 … Missing value check: The data value is missing. A pre-defined number will represent the absent data Range check: Tests that data are within expected extremes encountered in the ocean Tests that data are within expected extremes encountered in specific Regions …

8. Spike check: Tests differences between sequential measurements, where one measurement is quite different than adjacent Pre-existing statistics check: Tests that data are within ranges defined by statistics of specific areas/regions with reference to a specific climatology (Levitus, Medar …) Visualization and manual check: it is useful to visually screen data with the support of plots, to highlight outliers and strange behaviors of data (caused for example by wrong measurement unit)

9. The Survey The Survey consisted in an excel file with three tabs, one for each matrix (parameters of interest VS a basic list of the kind of check done). Partners were free to add further controls or parameters to the lists. Total of 46 project participants  41 institutes involved in data collection. We received 33 responses from our partners, out of 41 data collectors. Most of the involved institutes didn’t provide information about the reference (climatology) of their quality check… was this request not properly highlighted? are they using other statistics (e.g: not official climatologies linked to a publication but statistics computed from their database)?

10. The Survey

11. The Survey –Results- All 33 institutes that replied perform quality checks for the water column matrix. 16 partners of the 33 are performing quality checks in the sediment matrix. 12 partners of the 33 are performing quality checks in the biota matrix

12. Number of institutes carrying out QC checks in the sediment matrix per parameter: the most checked seem to belong to the pesticides and heavy metals categories The Survey –Results- Number of institutes carrying out QC checks in the water column matrix per parameter: the most checked seem to belong to the Fertilizers/Nutrients category Parameter descriptionN 1Phosphate concentration parameters in the water column PHOS31 2Silicate concentration parameters in the water column SLCA30 3Ammonium concentration parameters in the water column AMON30 4Nitrate concentration parameters in the water column NTRA29 5Nitrite concentration parameters in the water column NTRI29 6Dissolved oxygen parameters in the water column DOXY25 7Chlorophyll pigment concentrations in the water column CPWC24 8Alkalinity, acidity and pH of the water column ALKY21 9Nitrate+nitrite concentration parameters in the water column NTRZ20 10 Dissolved total or organic phosphorus concentration in the water column TDPX20 Parameter descriptionn 1 Pesticide concentrations in sediment Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 12 2 Metal concentrations in sediment Cadmium (Cd) 12 3 Metal concentrations in sediment Mercury (Hg) 11 4 Metal concentrations in sediment Lead (Pb) 11 5 Pesticide concentrations in sediment Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) 10 6 Concentration of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in sediment samples PCBs 9 7 Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment samples Anthracene (C14H10) 7 8 Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment samples Fluoranthene (C16H10) 7 9 Carbon concentrations in sediment 5 10 Concentration of other organic contaminants in sediment samples Tributyltin (TBT) 4

13. The Survey –Results- Number of institutes carrying out QC checks in the biota matrix per parameter: the most checked seem to belong the heavy metals and pesticides categories params checkedn 1Metal concentrations in biota Cadmium (Cd)10 2Metal concentrations in biota Mercury (Hg)9 3 Pesticide concentrations in biota Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)8 4 Pesticide concentrations in biota He1achlorobenzene (HCB)8 5Metal concentrations in biota Lead (Pb)8 6Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in biota Anthracene (C14H10)8 7Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in biota Fluoranthene (C16H10)8 8Concentration of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in biota 8 9Concentration of other organic contaminants in biota Tributyltin (TBTIN)4 10Concentration of other organic contaminants in biota Triphenyltin (TPT)3

14. The Survey –Results- Numbers of specific QC checks for each parameter and matrix. Water Column: 23/33 for position checks (Fertilizers- -Ammonium concentration parameters in the water column) 26/33 for date checks (Fertilizers- -Nitrite concentration parameters in the water column ) 22/33 for missing value checks (Fertilizers- -Ammonium concentration parameters in the water column) 29/33 for range checks ( Fertilizers- -Ammonium concentration parameters in the water column ) 19/33 for spike checks (Fertilizers- -Ammonium concentration parameters in the water column) 10/33 for pre-existing statistics checks (Fertilizers- -Nitrate concentration parameters in the water column) 24/33 for visual and manual checks (Fertilizers- -Phosphate concentration parameters in the water column )

15. The Survey –Results- Numbers of specific QC checks for each parameter and matrix. Sediment Matrix: 11/16 for position checks (Pesticides and biocides- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) -Pesticide concentrations in sediment) 11/16 for date checks (Pesticides and biocides- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) -Pesticide concentrations in sediment) 7/16 for missing value checks (Pesticides and biocides- Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) -Pesticide concentrations in sediment) 9/16 for range checks (Heavy metals- Mercury (Hg) -Metal concentrations in sediment) 5/16 for spike checks (Pesticides and biocides- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) -Pesticide concentrations in sediment) 4/16 for pre-existing statistics checks (Pesticides and biocides- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) - Pesticide concentrations in sediment) 10/16 for visual and manual checks (Pesticidides and biocides- Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) - Pesticide concentrations in sediment) ?

16. The Survey –Results- Numbers of specific QC checks for each parameter and matrix. Biota Matrix: 8/12 for position checks (Pesticides and biocides Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Pesticide concentrations in biota) 10/12 for date checks (Heavy metals Cadmium (Cd) Metal concentrations in biota) 7/12 for missing value checks (Heavy metals Cadmium (Cd) Metal concentrations in biota) 10/12 for range checks (Heavy metals Cadmium (Cd) Metal concentrations in biota) 2/12 for spike checks (Pesticides and biocides Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Pesticide concentrations in biota) 3/12 for pre-existing statistics checks (Pesticides and biocides Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Pesticide concentrations in biota) 9/12 for visual and manual checks (Heavy metals Mercury (Hg) Metal concentrations in biota) ?

17. The Survey –Summary/Conclusions- As expected there is: a considerably higher number of institutes dealing with water column measured parameters (33/33 institutes) followed by the sediment matrix parameters (16/33 institutes) and biota matrix parameters (12/33 institutes) For the water column matrix the five parameters harvested and most checked seem to belong to the Fertilizers/Nutrients category. In the water column the range check (29/33) results the most common kind of control done For the sediment matrix the five parameters harvested and most checked seem to belong to the pesticides and heavy metals categories. In the sediment matrix the position and date checks (11/16) are the most common kind of control done For the biota matrix the five parameters harvested and most checked seem to belong to the pesticides and heavy metals categories. In the biota matrix the date and range checks (10/12) are the most common kind of control done

18. The Survey –Summary/Conclusions- Following the results there is still a number of basic quality checks that are not performed. The implementation of this position and date check, missing value and range check should be a mandatory action We should evaluate the meaning of a spike check for sediment and biota matrixes where unforeseen really high values are possible (hot spots) and the kind of algorithm used for the water column to check spike can’t be used Some steps in the upgrade of the quality control within the EMODnet Chemistry activities can be: Sharing and synchronization of ranges and pre-existing statistics used for the data check in the different regions (see report “Methodology for data QA/QC and DIVA products”) Upgrade of QC ranges and statistics with EMODnet database (coastal vs open sea)

19. http://www.emodnet-chemistry.eu/ Alessandra Giorgetti : agiorgetti@ogs.trieste.it Matteo Vinci : mvinci@ogs.trieste.it Thanks for your attention ! Questions?