1. International Copyright and Technology Issues: Legal, Political and Market Challenges World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Society of the USA Denver March 17, 2008

2. Overview * Copyright at WIPO * International copyright policy framework –WIPO Copyright Treaties –Exceptions & limitations to copyright –WIPO Development Agenda –World Summit on the Information Society * Impact of technology on copyright policy * Challenges * Future directions

3. Introducing WIPO * United Nations specialized agency * members - 184 Member States * observers - 222 non-governmental organizations, 66 international organizations * over 900 staff members * based in Geneva (offices in Singapore, New York, Brussels, Tokyo)

4. WIPO’s main activities * Normsetting –treaty-making processes * Providing international IP services to private sector –registration services for patents, trademarks & designs –dispute resolution (WIPO Arbitration & Mediation Center) * Enhancing access to the IP system –assist developing country members, as well as SMEs to use IP as a tool for economic, cultural & social development –distance learning programs (WIPO Worldwide Academy) –seminars, conferences, studies and documents

5. Updating international copyright law Ongoing Process - -updating copyright law to the digital environment - -through treaties, and soft-law approaches - -Regular meetings of Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR; most recent meeting, March 10-12, 2008)

6. International copyright framework Multilateral treaties:   Berne Convention (1971)   Rome Convention (1961)   TRIPS Agreement (1994)   WIPO Internet Treaties (1996) plus free-trade agreements

7. WIPO Internet Treaties WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) in force March 6, 2002 (64 States party)in force March 6, 2002 (64 States party) WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) in force May 20, 2002 (62 States party)in force May 20, 2002 (62 States party) membership mainly developing countries, including China, plus Singapore, USA, Belgium, Japan, Australia.. membership mainly developing countries, including China, plus Singapore, USA, Belgium, Japan, Australia.. Ù Guide to the Copyright and Related Rights Treaties Administered by WIPO (Ficsor, 2003)

8. WIPO Internet Treaties … * ensure that rightsholders control dissemination of protected material over Internet, including right to make available ‘on demand’ right of reproduction (temporary reproduction) right of reproduction (temporary reproduction) right of making available right of making available limitations and exceptions for the digital age limitations and exceptions for the digital age technological protection measures provisions technological protection measures provisions rights management information rights management information generally updated: generally updated: protection of computer programs and databasesprotection of computer programs and databases distribution and rental rightsdistribution and rental rights enforcementenforcement economic and moral rights for performerseconomic and moral rights for performers economic rights for producers of phonogramseconomic rights for producers of phonograms

9. Free-trade agreements More than 300 FTAs worldwide concluded, or under negotiation involve trilaterals, bilaterals and harmonization talksinvolve trilaterals, bilaterals and harmonization talks most include chapters on intellectual property rightsmost include chapters on intellectual property rights Example: US-Singapore Free Trade Agreement resulted in Copyright (Amendment) Act 2005, in force in Singapore on August 15, 2005 FTA requires: legal protection against circumvention of technological protection measures criminal penalties to persons wilfully and for commercial gain circumventing TPMs certain provisions regarding limitations and exceptions

10. Balance in the WIPO copyright treaties * WCT negotiators recognized “the need to maintain a balance between the rights of authors and the larger public interest, particularly education, research and access to information as reflected in the Berne Convention” and the need to “provide adequate solutions to the questions raised by the new economic, social, cultural and technological developments” the need to “provide adequate solutions to the questions raised by the new economic, social, cultural and technological developments” “the profound impact of the development and convergence of information and communication technologies on the creation and use of literary and artistic works” “the profound impact of the development and convergence of information and communication technologies on the creation and use of literary and artistic works”

11. Limitations & exceptions to copyright Current legal status * 3 step test - Berne Convention, TRIPS Agreement, WCT and WPPT certain special casescertain special cases do not conflict with normal exploitationdo not conflict with normal exploitation do not prejudice the legitimate interests of rightholdersdo not prejudice the legitimate interests of rightholders * Issues: challenge to maintain exceptions (eg fair dealing) in digital environment with use of DRM/TPMs -DRM tools used to manage rights when faced with increasing piracy of music, film, software, and emergence of P2P networks -use of contract to override exceptions -role of private copying exceptions in P2P context

12. Limitations & exceptions to copyright Chilean proposal Proposal by Chile on the Analysis of Exceptions and Limitations  Proposal by Chile on the Analysis of Exceptions and Limitations (SCCR/13/5, 2005) http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/details.jsp?meeting_i d=9289 * Define minimum exceptions at international level in three areas: Educational usesEducational uses Libraries and archivesLibraries and archives Handicapped personsHandicapped persons

13. Limitations & exceptions to copyright (WIPO) Ù Study on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions for the Visually Impaired (Sullivan, 2007) http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=75696 Ù Automated Rights Management Systems and Copyright Limitations and Exceptions (Garnett, 2006) http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=59952 Ù Study on Current Developments in the Field of Digital Rights Management (Cunard, Hill, Barlas, 2004) http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=29478 Ù Study on Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Environment (Ricketson, 2003) http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=16805

14. Impact of technology on copyright policy * New means of digital content delivery & licensing –digital music services (iTunes) –user-generated content (YouTube, MySpace, Second Life) –online audiovisual distribution (podcasting, vlogging) –online publishing (Google Book Project) –choice in licensing (Creative Commons, open source software) –new technological protection measures, DRM control access to creative content

15. Challenges of technology * rapid development of pervasive distributed technologies –evolution of peer-to-peer networks: Napster to Kazaa to BitTorrent * emergence of Web 2.0 “architecture of participation” –user-generated content –collaborative creativity “remix” –commercial convergence of user-generated content sites * exponential growth in number of Internet users, service providers and information sources –broadband access, mobile telephones, digital satellite radio and TV (Internet protocol TV) * convergence of traditional content, media and communications providers and telcos

16. Challenges of technology … New business models * Distributed technologies & collaborative creativity Web 2.0 Web 2.0 * Evolution of peer-to-peer networks (P2P) - Napster to BitTorrent * User-generated content - YouTube, MySpace, Second Life * Online audiovisual distribution - podcasting and vlogging * Online publishing - Google Book Search Project

17. Licensing & Enforcement Digital Rights Management * Importance of TPMs and RMI recognized in WIPO Internet Treaties * Current state of technical development * Policy issues InteroperabilityInteroperability Appropriate use by copyright holdersAppropriate use by copyright holders Relationship between DRM and fair useRelationship between DRM and fair use Ù Study on Current Developments in the Field of Digital Rights Management (Cunard, Hill, Barlas, 2004) http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=29478

18. Licensing & Enforcement Standards and Interoperability * Standard setting bodies (MPEG, ISO..) * Rationale for interoperable ICT standards in digital content delivery interoperability and network valueinteroperability and network value interoperability and rights management technologiesinteroperability and rights management technologies * legislative promotion of interoperability (France, iTunes) * standard setting bodies (SSOs - MPEG, ISO, W3C, IETF) * “open standards” - IPR policies of SSOs licensing terms (RAND, FRAND, RF)licensing terms (RAND, FRAND, RF) * role of patents in ICT technology and standards

19. Licensing & Enforcement Internet Service Provider (ISP) liability * expanding definition of ‘Internet intermediary’ may include peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing services, portals and auction sites * effect of non-harmonization of legal treatment * WIPO Seminar on Copyright and Internet Intermediaries - April 18, 2005  WIPO Paper “Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement (Waelde, Edwards, 2005)  WIPO Paper “Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement (Waelde, Edwards, 2005) http://www.wipo.int/meetings/2005/wipo_iis/en

20. WIPO Development Agenda Development Agenda process * commenced WIPO General Assembly 2004 – proposal submitted by Brazil and Argentina and supported by a number of other countries –to mainstream the “development dimension” into al of WIPO’s substantive and technical assistance activities and debates * “Friends of Development” –14 countries + other developing and least developed countries –various agendas (patents, trademarks, copyright, WIPO governance)

21. WIPO Development Agenda… * Recommendations adopted by WIPO General Assembly (10/07) ( 4 clusters): –Technical Assistance and Capacity Building –Norm-Setting, Flexibilities, Public Policy and Public Domain –Technology Transfer, Information and Communication Technologies and Access to Knowledge –Assessment, Evaluation and Impact Studies  Recommendations available at http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda.html

22. WIPO & Information Society * World Summit on the Information Society –Two phases: Geneva 2003, Tunis 2005 –Declaration of Principles, Plan of Action, Agenda for the Information Society –Follow up: Internet governance & IP (Athens, 2005; Rio 2007)   WIPO Online Forum on Intellectual Property in the Information Society (June 1-15, 2005) –Report at http://www.wipo.int/ipisforum/en/

23. Possible future issues for WIPO copyright agenda Liability of Internet intermediaries Interoperability and standards for DRM and RMI Further work to improve protection of audiovisual performers Expanding choice of licensing models, business models and tools to support them Enhanced access to public domain material, orphan works Copyright guidance for museums Economic analysis of exceptions and limitations in the digital environment

24. Thank you Thank you www.wipo.int richard.owens@wipo.int