1. Moral values across time and culture: A Meta-analysis using the Rokeach Value Survey C.-Melanie Vauclair Ronald Fischer New Zealand

2. Cross-cultural comparison of moral values Values: Fundamental concept to distinguish between different cultures (Smith & Schwartz, 1997) Moral values: Guide our behaviour in such a way that we act in a socially acceptable manner They are important regulators of our social interactions in everyday life Globalization: Globalization, “the process by which the experience of everyday life, [...],is becoming standardized around the world, especially since the late 20 th century." (The new Encyclopedia Britannica, vol 5, p. 304). -> Loss of cultural uniqueness?

3. Theoretical Background Moral values are an ill-defined concept in the literature Most questionnaires infer moral values indirectly through moral judgments (e.g. Bovasso et al, 1991; Tomeh, 1968; Hogan et al, 1972) or attitudes towards transgression of norms (e.g. Bovasso, Jacobs, Rettig, 1991; Crissman, 1942; Khan & Cross, 1984; Klinger, 1962; Rosenthal, 1955). Schwartz’ Value Survey (Schwartz, 1992, 1994) ; most important values across cultures: prosocial values (Schwartz & Bardi, 2001). Rokeach Value Survey (Rokeach, 1973): contains moral and competence values; widely used survey across different countries and decades

4. The Rokeach Value Survey (Rokeach, 1973) On this page are 18 values listed in alphabetical order. Your task is to rank order them in order of their importance to YOU, as guiding principles in YOUR life. Self-controlled Responsible 2 Polite Obedient Loving Logical Intellectual Independent 3 Imaginative Honest Helpful 1 Forgiving Courageous Clean Cheerful Capable Broadminded Ambitious Weber, 1990

5. Meta-analyses Data analyses Identification of moderator variables Meta-analysesSecondary analysesPrimary analyses Aggregation of results Summary of outcomes of many studies on a particular topic

6. Research questions Are there moral values that people commonly consider as important across different cultures? Are moral values more important than non-moral values? Are different countries becoming more similar over time regarding their moral values?

7. Search for studies in PsycInfo from 1967 to March 2006 KW=Rokeach AND KW=Values: 558 hits Selection criteria: relevant data (i.e. mean, median, rank order), mentally/ physically healthy adults, > 16 years -> 344 independent samples, 44,047 participants from 37 different cultural groups Procedure

8. helpful honest self- controlled responsible loving cheerful forgiving polite clean obedient courageous ambitious capable independent broadminded imaginative intellectual logical Competence values Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) of Rokeach values* * Based on 37 Cultural groups Extrinsic moral values Intrinsic moral values Moral values

9. Three most important values Country clusterRank order 1 Rank order 2 Rank order 3 Anglosaxonhonestresponsiblebroadminded Central- and Latinamerica honestresponsiblecapable Western Europehonestresponsible, lovingcheerful Eastern Europehonestloving ambitious, intellectual Middle East forgiving, ambitious honestresponsible South Africahonestself-controlledambitious South- and Southeast Asia honestresponsible courageous, ambitious East Asiaintellectualcapable honest, responsible, broadminded Israelhonestresponsiblelogical Turkeybroadmindedcourageousindependent

10. Comparison of moral and competence values* ValuesMeanRank order honest2.401 responsible3.302 broadminded7.053 loving8.204 capable8.405 independent8.756 self-controlled8.857 courageous8.958 intellectual8.959 ambitious9.1010 forgiving9.1011 helpful9.7512 cheerful10.9513 clean11.9014 polite12.0015 logical12.2516 imaginative15.4017 obedient15.7018 Competence Values Mean = 9.99 Moral Values Mean = 9.19 * Based on 10 cultural clusters Extrinsic moral values Intrinsic moral values

11. Descriptive statistics* of moral values Moral valuesMeanSDFrequencies for the 3 most important moral values* Frequencies for the 3 least important moral values* honest2.402.8890 responsible3.301.3650 loving8.205.1821 self-controlled8.853.8210 courageous8.954.7521 forgiving9.104.5011 helpful9.753.5300 cheerful10.954.6611 clean11.904.1102 polite12.004.6103 obedient15.704.0207 virtues Intrinsic moral values Extrinsic moral values * Based on 10 cultural clusters

12. Australia N = 92 Germany N = 331 Japan N = 411 USA N = 2235 Australia1.85**.88** Germany.581.80**.91** Japan.77**.561.89** USA.90**.40.85**1 Below diagonal: 1967-1980 Above diagonal: 1991-2002 Value similarity in the 70‘s and 90‘s Comparison of moral values similarity for two different decades N = 4437 N = 563 N = 98 N = 10.401 * p <.05, ** p <.01.

13. Conclusions Moral values: Universally most important are rather intrinsic moral values Least important are rather extrinsic moral values In between are cultural specific virtues that vary in importance No difference regarding the overall importance of moral and competence values -> What is so special about intrinsic moral values? Honest = sincere, truthful Responsible = dependable, reliable -> Schwartz & Bardi (2001): base for cooperative social relations -> trust as a minimum requirement Impact of globalization? Maybe greater moral value similarity over time for industrialised countries

14. Perspective Deeper understanding of the meaning of moral values in different cultures Understanding of behaviour: Consequences after violation of moral values -> Implication for intercultural encounters

16. MDS of countries (all instrumental values) -> 10 country clusters; Comprising 34 cultural groups Egypt Jordan Romania Turkey China Japan Taiwan Germany Hong Kong Canada Finland Poland NZ Chinese Israel NZ Chile Spain Brazil UK USA Australia Ukraine Slovakia Malaysia Arabs Africans India Vietnam PNG South Africa Mexico Hispanics Bangladesh Middle East South- & Southeast Asia Eastern Europe East Asia Western Europe Central- & South- america Anglosaxon South Africa Israel Turkey

17. Country cluster Anglosaxon (N = 5)Australia, Canada, UK, USA, New Zealand Central- and Latinamerica (N = 4) Brazil, Chile, Hispanics, Mexico East Asia (N = 5)China, Hong Kong, Japan, NZ Chinese, Taiwan Eastern Europe (N= 4)Romania, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine Israel (N = 1) South Africa (N = 1) South- and Southeast Asia (N = 5) Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, PNG, Vietnam Turkey (N = 1) Middle East (N = 4)Arabians, Arab Africans, Egypt, Jordan Western Europe (N = 3)Germany, Finland, Spain

18. Restrained, self-disciplined Self-controlled Dependable, reliable Responsible Courteous, well-mannered Polite Dutiful, respectful Obedient Affectionate, tender Loving Consistent, rational Logical Intelligent, reflective Intellectual Self-reliant, self-sufficient Independent Daring, creative Imaginative Sincere, truthful Honest Working for the welfare of others Helpful Willing to pardon others Forgiving Standing up for your beliefs Courageous Neat, tidy Clean Lighthearted, joyful Cheerful Competent, effective Capable Open-minded Broadminded Hardworking, aspiring Ambitious Rokeach’s values and their definition

19. * The lower the rank order, the more important the value. ‘Honest’ as a commonly important value

20. * The lower the rank order, the more important the value. ‘Obedient’ as a commonly unimportant value