1. APES UNIT 1 NOTES TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENT

2. CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY ALFRED WEGENER proposed all continents originally formed from one landmass (PANGEA) EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT: 1. Fossilized tropical plants in Greenland 2. Glacial landscapes in the tropics 3. Tropical regions show past polar climates 4. Continents fit together like puzzle pieces 5. Rock similarities in east coast of one continent and west coast of another

3. TECTONIC PLATES TECTONIC PLATES are large pieces of lithosphere that float on the asthenosphere. *There are about 15 Tectonic Plates that drift slowly over the mantle *Oceanic plates are topped with oceanic crust *Continental plates are topped with continental crust *Oceanic plates are thinner and denser (mostly iron) *Continental plates are thicker and less dense (mostly silicon dioxide)

4. The largest plate is the Pacific Plate *The lithosphere is like a puzzle of movable parts

5. PLATE TECTONICS THEORY States that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates that are in constant motion. It describes the formation and movement of the oceanic and continental plates. Plate Tectonics explains biological evolution, formation of mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. *some plates move 1 cm/yr

6. WHY DO PLATES MOVE? CONVECTION: is the process of heat transfer within the Earth that causes hot, less dense matter to rise and cool matter to sink which circulates material and forms Convection Currents. Mantle Convection occurs because of the thermal gradient between core and crust. *Convection drives plates together and apart. The heat transfer provides the power.

7. HOT SPOTS HOT SPOTS are places where molten rock moves up to the lithosphere through plumes. 1. The mantle will create gaps where minerals crystalize. 2. Pressure and heat will cause matter to creep up through the gaps. *The high temperatures may result from radioactive decay of isotopes releasing heat

8. PLATE BOUNDARIES Plate Boundaries are the edges/margins of the plates. There are 3 types of Plate Boundary Interactions: 1. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY 2. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY 3. TRANSPORM FAULT BOUNDARY

9. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY *Where 2 plate move away from each other. *Causes a gap that can be filled with magma forming new lithosphere (part of Sea Floor Spreading) *Forms Ridges and Rift Valleys *Also create Fault zones (where 2 plates slide side-by- side)

10. OCEANIC DIVERGENT BOUNDARY EXAMPLE: MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE

11. CONTINENTAL DIVERGENT BOUNDARY EXAMPLE: EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEYS

12. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY When 2 plates move towards each other. One plate will be pushed below the other forming trenches in the ocean and mountain range in the continents. Convergent boundaries cause SUBDUCTION. *SUBDUCTION= heavy plate is pushed under the lighter plate *SUBDUCTION ZONES= where subduction takes place *Subducted plate will melt in the asthenospere 3 kinds of Convergent Boundaries: 1. Oceanic-Oceanic convergence 2. Oceanic-Continental convergence 3. Continental-Continental convergence

13. OCEANIC-OCEANIC CONVERGENCE *creates an Island arc Example: Japan *creates trenches and Island Arcs

14. OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE *The denser oceanic plate will move underneath less dense continental plate (subduction). *Forms trenches, Volcanoes, Volcanic arc, Mountain ranges. EXAMPLE: ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE IN SOUTH AMERICA

15. CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE Mountain Ranges are created because of compression and uplifting. EXAMPLE: The Himalayas in Asia

16. TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY When two plates slide from side to side, parallel A fault (fracture) forms between plates The friction and stress building causes Earthquakes EXAMPLE: San Andreas Fault in California

17. COMPARING PLATE BOUNDARIES

18. REVIEW PLATE TECTONICS

20. EARTHQUAKES *OCCUR ALONG TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES *pressure builds up from the sliding friction and is released abruptly *the pressure released causes Seismic waves *FOCUS= the area where the energy starts and is released *EPICENTER= the area on the surface directly above the focus

21. SEISMIC WAVES Seismic waves travel outward from the focus in all directions. There are 2 classes of Seismic Waves: 1. BODY WAVES 2. SURFACE WAVES BODY WAVES = travel through interior Earth *P waves through bedrock and are the fastest waves (the denser-the faster), travel parallel to direction of transmission. *S waves through uppermost layers of Earth. They travel slower (60%) and perpendicular SURFACE WAVES =travel along Earth’s surface, slower than Body waves (consist of Love waves and Rayleigh waves)

22. RICHTER SCALE *The magnitude (strength/energy) of an Earthquake is measured in logarithmic Richter Scale by a Seismograph onto a Seismogram. *The Richter Scale is really comparing amplitudes of waves *Each unit whole number represents an amplitude 10X greater than the next smaller unit. (EX. 5.0 is 10X greater than 4.0 ) (EX. 6.0 is 100X greater than 4.0)

23. PRIMARY EFFECTS shaking ground damage to buildings permanent displacement damage to life SECONDARY EFFECTS rockslides flooding sinkholes fires tsunamis

24. TSUNAMIS VERY LARGE OCEANIC WAVES OR CAUSED THE MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH DURING AN EARTHQUAKE. WAVES CAN BE 33 FEET HIGH

25. VOLCANOES *A volcano is a mountain or hill formed from hot magma piling up on land *magma chamber forces molten magma up through Conduit (pipe) *ACTIVE VOLCANOES = currently erupted *DORMANT VOLCANOES = have never erupted in recorded history *EXTINCT VOLCANOES = will never erupt again *Volcanoes produce ejecta (chunks of lava rock), molten liquid lava, toxic gases, volcanic ash, *EXAMPLE: (1980) MT. Saint Helens (Washington state) removed trees, increase soil erosion, destroyed wildlife, polluted air, flooding from clogged rivers, 57 people died

26. HOT SPOT VOLCANOES – HAWAIIN ISLANDS As plate moves over a hot spot, heat from rising plume melts crust and forms another volcano

27. VOLCANIC GASES STEAM, CARBON DIOXIDE, SULFER DIOXIDE, HYDORGEN CHLORIDE Volcanoes affect the climate by releasing sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere which then converts to sulfate ions. Sulfate particles reflect shorter wavelengths of solar radiation which decreases the amount of sunlight reaching Earth. (lowers temp.) EXAMPLE: (1992) Mt. Pinatubo erupted and decreased global temp. by 1 degree F

28. VOLCANO DIAGRAM

29. REDUCE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANO DAMAGE *examine history and calculate probability of event to prepare *map out locations *strengthen building codes *educate public