1. Chapter 4, Section 3 6th Grade Text
LOOKING INSIDE CELLS
Chapter 4, Section 3 6th Grade Text

2. TYPE OF CELLS
PROKARYOTES – Cells that have a cell wall and cell membrane but lack an organized nucleus. Example is bacteria cell.

3. TYPE OF CELLS
EUKARYOTES – Cells that contain a defined nucleus that contains the genetic material. Examples are animal cells and plant cells.

4. organelles
is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer.

5. CELL MEMBRANE
For animal cells, the cell membrane forms the outside boundary that separates the cell from its environment. Its structure is essentially a double layer of fat with embedded proteins. Its main function is to control what substances come into and out of the cell.

6. NUCLEUS
The nucleus is a large oval structure that acts as the “brain” of the cell, controlling all of the cell’s activities.
It is made up of the nuclear membrane, chromatin and nucleolus.

7. CHROMOSOMES
The nucleus contains thin strands of genetic material called chromatin. When the cell begins to divide, the chromatin strands coil and condense to form structures called chromosomes.

8. NUCLEOLUS a non-membrane bound structure found inside the nucleus.
Function made ribosomes.

9. CYTOPLASM
Is a thick, clear, gel-like fluid found between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
Most cell activities take place in the cytoplasm
Is where the Cell organelles are found “floating” in the cytoplasm.

10. MITOCHONDRIA rod-shaped organelles called the “power-houses”
produce most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions.
Muscle cells and other very active cells have large numbers (1000s) of mitochondria. Less active cells might have only one mitochondria.
Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell varies widely by organism and tissue type. Many cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas others can contain several thousand mitochondria.[6][7] The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix.

11. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Is a maze of passageways
Function carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.
Rough endoplasmic reticula synthesize proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticula synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids, and regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.
The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).[2] However, the ribosomes bound to the RER at any one time are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as ribosomes are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the ER once it begins to synthesize a protein
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins

12. Smooth ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Is smooth… no presence of ribosomes.
is involved in lipid synthesis and steroid synthesis.
It is also involved in drug detoxification.
Rough endoplasmic reticula synthesize proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticula synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids, and regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.
The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).[2] However, the ribosomes bound to the RER at any one time are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as ribosomes are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the ER once it begins to synthesize a protein
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins

13. Rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
surface of the membrane of RER is studded with ribosomes (another type of organelle)
function of RER is the synthesis and manufacture of proteins in ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticula synthesize proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticula synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids, and regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.
The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).[2] However, the ribosomes bound to the RER at any one time are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as ribosomes are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the ER once it begins to synthesize a protein
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins

14. RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are small, grain-like bodies either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free floating in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes are factories that produce proteins.
These proteins are passed to the ER, then transported to the Golgi Bodies.
Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from all amino acids. One of the central tenets of biology, often referred to as the "central dogma," is that DNA is used to make RNA, which, in turn, is used to make protein. The DNA sequence in genes is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA). Ribosomes then read the information in this RNA and use it to create proteins. This process is known as translation; i.e., the ribosome "translates" the genetic information from RNA into proteins. Ribosomes do this by binding to an mRNA and using it as a template for the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. The amino acids are attached to transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA sequence. The attached amino acids are then joined together by another part of the ribosome. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, "reading" its sequence and producing a chain of amino acids.

15. RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from all amino acids. One of the central tenets of biology, often referred to as the "central dogma," is that DNA is used to make RNA, which, in turn, is used to make protein. The DNA sequence in genes is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA). Ribosomes then read the information in this RNA and use it to create proteins. This process is known as translation; i.e., the ribosome "translates" the genetic information from RNA into proteins. Ribosomes do this by binding to an mRNA and using it as a template for the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. The amino acids are attached to transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA sequence. The attached amino acids are then joined together by another part of the ribosome. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, "reading" its sequence and producing a chain of amino acids.

16. GOLGI BODIES
structures that look like a flattened collection of sacs and tubes that serve as the cells “mail-room”.
Function: receive proteins from the ER, package them, and deliver them either to other parts of the cells, or release them to outside the cell.
Due to its fairly large size, the Golgi apparatus was one of the first organelles to be discovered and observed in detail. The apparatus was discovered in 1897 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi during an investigation of the nervous system.[2] After first observing it under his microscope, he termed the structure the internal reticular apparatus. The structure was then renamed after Golgi not long after the announcement of his discovery in 1898.
It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough endoplasmic reticulum but is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.[11] In this respect it can be thought of as similar to a post office; it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell.

17. GOLGI BODIES

18. LYSOSOMES small, round, membrane enclosed.
Functions: break down food particles and old cell parts. Then the substances released can be recycled and used to build new parts.

20. VACUOLES membrane-bound organelles
Functions: store water, food, and other materials needed by the cells but they can also contain waste products.
Vacuoles are more prominent in plant cells, and typically occupy more than 30% (and up to 80%) of a plant cell’s volume.
The function and importance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present, having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria. In general, the functions of the vacuole include:
Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
Containing waste products
Containing water in plant cells
Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell
Maintaining an acidic internal pH
Containing small molecules
Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole
In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles.[4]

21. LYSOSOMES & VACUOLES

22. Cells organelles song
Mr. W cells song with all the animal cell organelles

23. PLANT CELLS

24. PLANT CELLS

25. CELL WALL
The cell wall is a rigid layer of non-living material that surrounds the cells of plants. It is made of a tough, flexible material called cellulose (Wood contains lots of cellulose.) The cell wall functions to protect and support the cell.

26. CHLOROPLASTS
Chloroplasts are large green organelles that function to capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell. Remember: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

27. Mr. W cells song with all the animal cell organelles and plants
cell rap
Interactive cells