1. GE-NP Proprietary Information CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS Fabrizio Tani October 23rd 2001

2. GE-NP Proprietary Information GE Overview g GEPS Oil & Gas

3. GE-NP Proprietary Information Aircraft Engines Appliances Capital Services Industrial Systems Lighting Medical Systems Plastics Power Systems Transportation Systems NBC Distinct … Diverse … Global The GE Portfolio of Businesses g GEPS Oil & Gas

4. GE-NP Proprietary Information GE Results Revenues Earnings ($B) 1997199819992000 91 100 112 130 1997199819992000 8.2 9.3 10.7 12.7 Volume Increase as Result of Customer Satisfaction g GEPS Oil & Gas

5. GE-NP Proprietary Information CompressorsCompressors Gas TurbinesGas Turbines Steam TurbinesSteam Turbines ReactorsReactors Air-CoolersAir-Coolers Pumps - ValvesPumps - Valves Metering SystemsMetering Systems Fuel DispensersFuel Dispensers High Speed Recips. High Speed Recips. TurboExpanders TurboExpanders Low to Medium Pressure Compressors Low to Medium Pressure Compressors Low to Medium Power Steam Turbines Low to Medium Power Steam Turbines Multi-Vendor GT Svs Multi-Vendor GT Svs Center of Excellence for... Nuovo Pignone Rotoflow Thermodyn Gemini Odessa Screw Compressors Screw Compressors A-C Compressor Multi-Vendor Compressor ServicesMulti-Vendor Compressor Services CONMEC Product & Services Leadership g GEPS Oil & Gas

6. GE-NP Proprietary Information WHAT IS A COMPRESSOR? COMPRESSOR PRESSURE RATIO GAS Suction Pressure = Ps Suction Temperature = Ts Suction Velocity = Us GAS Discharge Pressure = Pd Discharge Temperature = Td Discharge Velocity = Ud Compressor = Black Box to increase Gas Pressure

7. GE-NP Proprietary Information EFFICIENCY l Ratio advantages / price OR l Ratio cost in perfect world / cost in real world

8. GE-NP Proprietary Information ADIABATIC PROCESS: No exchange heat with external environment First law of thermodynamics Adiabatic Process : Absorbed Power (P) = Specific Work (W) x Gas Flow (G)

9. GE-NP Proprietary Information A further hypothesis: NO LOSSES l same suction conditions Ps,Ts l same discharge pressure Pd l lower discharge temperature Tis The isentropic process associated to the real adiabatic process has: ISENTROPIC PROCESS Isentropic Process = All Energy to Compress Gas

10. GE-NP Proprietary Information ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY The ratio of isentropic work to the total adsorbed energy “The ratio between what we would pay to obtain a needed result in a perfect world and what we pay to obtain the same result in the real world” Isentropic efficiency is a function of pressure ratio Specific Work:

11. GE-NP Proprietary Information TOTAL ADSORBED ENERGY minus ISENTROPIC WORK LOSSES Losses always associated to the real process No analytical way to describe the real process point by point

12. GE-NP Proprietary Information Solution to control the process l isoentrope from suction conditions to the final discharge pressure WORK INPUT ONLY l isobar at constant discharge pressure to achieve the discharge temperature HEAT INPUT ONLY

13. GE-NP Proprietary Information The equation define the theoretical process called POLYTROPE For each step the isentropic work e is the constant for which the path passes through suction and discharge conditions and the isentropic efficiency of each step We define the equation: POLYTROPIC WORK: The sum of all the isentropic works step by step

14. GE-NP Proprietary Information POLYTROPIC EFFICIENCY For a perfect gas The ratio of polytropic work to the total adsorbed energy Polytropic efficiency is not pressure ratio dependant “The ratio between the advantage we can obtain with the use of a certain tool and the price we have to pay”

15. GE-NP Proprietary Information CUSTOMER NEEDS DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW MANUFACTURER NEEDS l A way to compare compressor of different manufacturers for the same service l A method to check the performance of the machine at site l Define a relationship between the performance and the geometry Verify the performance Achieve the performance

16. GE-NP Proprietary Information A WORKING IMPELLER Normally the tangential component of C 1 is negligible

17. GE-NP Proprietary Information The radial component of gas velocity is associated to the flow Multiply the inlet radial velocity by the area at inlet to obtain the volume flow at impeller suction The tangential component of gas velocity is associated to the work made on the fluid Euler equation

18. GE-NP Proprietary Information The energy exchanged, per unit of weight of fluid, between impeller outlet and inlet by its angular speed EULER EQUATION In the hypothesis that C 1u is negligible

19. GE-NP Proprietary Information EULER EQUATION Based on mechanical principles FIRST LAW EQUATION Based on thermal quantities W is the same!

20. GE-NP Proprietary Information To predict performance we need non dimensional coefficients representing a physical phenomenon that are: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS Results of experimental works carried out on models of the real stages l independent of the actual size of the machine l independent of the actual impellers speed l independent of gas characteristics The non dimensional coefficients are: l Inlet Flow Coefficient l Outlet Flow Coefficient l Peripheral Mach Number l Reynolds Number l Head Coefficient

21. GE-NP Proprietary Information The ratio between the radial component of the gas velocity at inlet and impeller speed in the same point INLET FLOW COEFFICIENT  1 identifies gas angles at inlet OUTLET FLOW COEFFICIENT The ratio between the radial component of the gas velocity at outlet and impeller peripheral speed A different form

22. GE-NP Proprietary Information The ratio of impeller peripheral speed to the velocity of sound at impeller inlet: PERIPHERAL MACH NUMBER A measure of gas compressibility REYNOLDS NUMBER l  gas suction density l u impeller peripheral speed l b impeller exit width l  dynamic viscosity It can be read as ratio of inertia forces to viscous surface forces

23. GE-NP Proprietary Information A measure of the impeller capacity to energise the gas HEAD COEFFICIENT The ratio between the tangential component of the gas velocity at outlet and impeller peripheral speed Euler equation

24. GE-NP Proprietary Information NON DIMENSIONAL PERFORMANCE CURVES

25. GE-NP Proprietary Information Summary: Input data: Suction Pressure Suction Temperature Gas Composition Discharge Pressure Status Equation (BWRS: Benedict Webb Rubin Starling) Experimental data: Flow Coefficient Head Coefficient Discharge Pressure Absorbed Power Efficiency

26. GE-NP Proprietary Information Main Design Criteria of Compressor - Efficiency: 84 - 87 % for compression ratio up to 2 more than 75 % for compression ratio above 2 - Operating range: from 70 to 140 % of the design point Design Point

27. GE-NP Proprietary Information è LNG Liquefied Natural Gas èNATURAL GAS Oil Production Gas Production Gas Lift Pipeline Gas Re-injection Gas Storage èPETROCHEMICALS Syngas & Fertilizers: CO2 compressor for UREA Plants Ammonia Synthesis Methanol Synthesis èREFINERY Fluid catalytic cracking Reforming Hydrocracking Manufacturing Complete Range of Centrifugal Compressors A comprehensive production for On-Shore and Off-Shore Services since 1960 from the High Volumes - Low Pressure Applications to the Low Volumes - High Pressure Applications Over 3500 Units Sold World Leader in Gas Compression Over 3500 Units Sold World Leader in Gas Compression

28. GE-NP Proprietary Information Low Pressures - High Volumes

29. GE-NP Proprietary Information MCL - 2MCL - 3MCL - DMCL Compressors High Volume Flows [up to 200,000 m 3 /h for MCL - 300,000 m3/h for DMCL] Low Discharge Pressures [up to 40 bar] Casings either cast or fabricated Cast Iron Diaphragms Radial and Thrust Bearings Tilting Pad type Shaft End Seals both Oil film type or dry gas seal type Low Pressures - High Volumes

30. GE-NP Proprietary Information Casings and Diaphragms for High Pressure Compressors

31. GE-NP Proprietary Information

33. 3D Impeller Technology Machined by 5-Axis Milling Machines Barrel Casing With Cartridge Concept Internals for Easy Maintenance

34. GE-NP Proprietary Information Vertically Split Pipeline Compressors Medium to High Volume Flows [ranging from 80,000 m 3 /h down to 3000 m 3 /h] Low to Medium Discharge Pressures [experienced up to 110 bar] Low Compressor Ratio [experienced up to 2] High Polytropic Efficiency [experienced up to 0.86 with vaned Diffusor] Axial Gas Inlet Arragement or Traditional Side Inlet Flange Configuration Forged Steel Casings and inner casing Radial and Thrust Bearings Tilting Pad type (option for magnetic bearings) Shaft End Seals with Tandem Dry Gas Seals Standardized casings for one to three impellers and direct coupling to NP Gas Turbines Gas Pipeline Compressor - PCL

35. GE-NP Proprietary Information Compressor Selection The compressor is normally driven by Gas Turbine or Electric Motor Compression selection steps: Estimated absorbed power with dedicated software Selection of the suitable GT model Rotating speed becomes an input, related to the selected GT Final selection of compressor by specific software Compressor Configurators are the E-tools to perform a selection via INTERNET

36. GE-NP Proprietary Information

37. STAGES STANDARDIZATION Predesigned and tested stages are used to meet the requested performance and to avoid rotating stall on statoric and rotating componentsPredesigned and tested stages are used to meet the requested performance and to avoid rotating stall on statoric and rotating components Standardization Ensures Reliability of Predicted Performances

38. GE-NP Proprietary Information EXPERIENCED UP TO 210 BAR STATIC TANDEM SEALS TRIPLE SEALS EXPERIENCED UP TO 290 BAR DYNAMIC AND 310 BAR STATIC Shaft end sealing

39. GE-NP Proprietary Information Shaft end sealing Nuovo Pignone LARGE EXPERIENCE ON DRY GAS SEALS  Over 200 Compressors with Dry Gas Seals  Sealing pressures at Settling Out conditions up to 4200 PSIA  Dry Gas Seals size up to 250MM Dry Gas Sealing system for 2BCL306C Statoil Veslefrikk Compressor

40. GE-NP Proprietary Information HONEYCOMB labyrinthsHONEYCOMB labyrinths on balancing drums and impellers to increase rotor system damping capabilities for High Pressure Applications. Honeycomb for Improved Rotor Stability

41. GE-NP Proprietary Information Propane Compressor installed at Bintulu Plant