2. Introduction Plastic surgery is defined as any procedure used to correct or restore either form or function to a body part. It deals with body modification and reconstructive surgery as well as surgery for aesthetically pleasing purposes.

3. History Body reconstruction surgery was done as early as 2000 B.C.E by the famous Indian surgeon, Sushruta. Nose and ear reconstruction were the first procedures done.

4. History WWI was the biggest booster to plastic surgery. It produced the two “fathers” of modern plastic surgery, New Zealander Harold Gillies and American Vilray Blair. Gillies even performed the first male-to-female sex change operation in 1951! Gillies Blair

6. 1) Skin Grafting A skin graft is the replacement of a patient’s skin. Required after major skin loss from a burn, major trauma or infection (i.e. flesh eating bacteria). Usually plastic surgeons are called in to do skin grafts. They plan their cut lines on the patients and close and remove sutures or staples in a particular sequence in order to minimize scarring.

7. 2)Reconstructive Surgery It is performed to correct function, but in some cases may be used to generate a more normal appearance. Common procedures include tumour removal, facial reconstruction, hand repair, breast reduction and breast reconstruction (after a mastectomy).

8. 3) Microsurgery The reconstruction of missing tissues usually by the transfer of tissue from another part of the body. Called microsurgery because the doctor uses a microscope in order to see the vessels and fibres he/she needs to connect after the tissue has been transferred.

9. 4) Cosmetic Surgery Deals with enhancement of appearance for non-medical reasons. Includes any “lifting”, augmentation or implant insertion. Nose jobs, face lifts, Botox, collagen injections, breast augmentation and tummy tucks are the most common. Brazilian Butt lifts are starting to challenge though. ;)

10. 5) Body Modification Similar to cosmetic surgery, it is the deliberate altering of the human body for non- medical reasons. The difference is that it may not be done for a more pleasing appearance.

11. 5) Body Modification Includes: 1) Any piercings or tattoos. 2) Genital modification including circumcision. 3) Binding procedures like corsetry, foot-binding, etc… 4) Strange things like neck rings, “elfing”, bifurcation of the tongue…

12. Plastic Surgery in the Kingston Area 1) U Cosmetic Inc ‎ 1324 Princess Street, Kingston, ON K7M 3E2 ‎ Website Website ‎ 2) Kingston Laser and Cosmetic Clinic ‎ 863 Norwest Road, Kingston, ON K7P 2N2 ‎ Website Website ‎ ‎ 3) Shine Rejuvination ‎ 166 Brock Street, Kingston, ON K7L 5G2 ‎

14. Sometimes Plastic Surgery can be an addiction! http://uk.lifestyle.yahoo.com/woman-gets-100- silicone-injections-to-have-the-world-s-biggest- lips.html http://uk.lifestyle.yahoo.com/woman-gets-100- silicone-injections-to-have-the-world-s-biggest- lips.html

15. Homework 1) What types of medical procedures fall under the category of plastic surgery? 2) In terms of skin grafting and body reconstruction, do you believe these procedures, although expensive and not always covered by insurance, are worth it? 3) Cosmetic surgery is usually not covered by insurance. Do you believe that it a beneficial part of the medical community? Why or why not? 4) Body modification is a cheaper alternative to cosmetic surgery. What are some of the reasons you think people go through body modification? 5) Investigate one of the clinics around the Kingston area (using their website) and rate them on the number of procedures they do and how successful they are.