February 7, 2014 Label the Greece and Asia Minor map with the key places and features. Then, color the water blue.

Early Greece

1. Minoans and Mycenaean Minoans of Crete 2000 B.C.
Established colonies on islands in the Aegean Sea Traded goods with these colonies

ii. Minoan Life Buildings Solidly constructed Private rooms Basic plumbing Brightly colored artwork on the walls

2. Artwork Has helped historians understand Minoan life Ships tell us that they were tied to the sea Women appear to have major roles in society Also shows what they did for fun

3. Writing They did have a writing system Called Linear A We do not know how to read it.

Linear A script of the Minoans (1700 – 1550 BC)
100 symbols, each representing a syllable

iii. Decline Minoan society suddenly fell apart
One possible cause was a world-shaking disaster Eventually would be conquered by Mycenae

b. The Mycenaean State Located on mainland Greece Language was a form of Greek

iii. Society Dominated by intense competition Frequent warfare Powerful kings

iv. Kings Taxed trade and farming Built great palaces and high walls Example: the Lion’s Gate

v. Inspired great legends
Trojan War Greeks fought a powerful city called Troy Historians are not sure if the war happened Have found remains of a city they believed to be Troy Evidence suggests that the city was destroyed in Battle

2. Greek City-States Life in a polis
A Polis (city-state) became the basic political unit in Greece Each polis had their own law, customs and government

iii. A polis was built around a high area called an acropolis
Used as a fortress Housed temples to the gods Spaces for public ceremonies

iv. Below the acropolis was the agora (marketplace)
People did business, gossiped, and discussed politics Shops, houses and more temples surrounded the agora v. City wall surrounded the entire polis

b. Sparta Located on the large peninsula of southern Greece Took control of the towns around them Made captured people become helots (state slave) Helots were forced to do manual labor

iii. Spartans spent their time training for war
Built up their army to keep the helots under control iv. Military Demanded toughness and strength from birth Babies were examined for strength after birth If found to be unhealthy was left out in the wilderness to die

3. Boys were taught by their mothers until the age of 7
4. At 7 boys went to a school to be trained for combat Created by King Lycurgus Goal was to prepare the boys for the hardships they would face as soldiers

5. At the end of their training, boys were sent into the wilderness without food or supplies and were expected to survive 6. At 20, boys became hoplites (foot soldiers) 7. Had to serve 10 years in the military, then they could leave and take their place as citizens

v. Women Trained in gymnastics for physical fitness Believed they had to be fit to have strong children Had the right to own property

vi. Politics Sparta had 2 kings who served as military commanders Council of Elders Made the decisions Considered an honor to be on this council

3. Gods and Heroes Olympic gods
Greeks believed in hundreds of gods and goddesses Deities governed one aspect of nature of life Believed 12 gods were particularly influential in their lives These 12 gods lived together on Mt. Olympus

a. Zeus- King of the gods; god of the Sky
b. Hera- Queen of the gods; goddess of marriage and women

c. Poseidon- god of the seas and earthquakes
d. Hades-god of the underworld

e. Demeter- goddess of agriculture
f. Hestia- goddess of the hearth and family

g. Athena- goddess of wisdom
h. Apollo- god of prophecy, healing, poetry, music and the sun

i. Artemis-goddess of hunting and the moon
j. Ares-god of war

k. Aphrodite- goddess of love l. Hephaestus- god of metal work

iv. Did not consider the gods to be perfect
Greek myths indicate this belief Each polis claimed one god or goddess as its special protector

v. Believed some places to be sacred
Example: Delphi vi. Olympic Games Held every 4 years

b. Myths about Heroes Purpose of the myths Used to teach Greeks where they came from and what sort of people they should be

Hercules Son of Zeus Had godlike strength Renown across Greece

b. Theseus Athenian prince who killed the Minotaur of Crete Famous only in his home city

ii. What they did Killed monsters Made discoveries Founded cities Talked with god almost on equal terms

iii. Hubris According to Greek myths heroes could only rise so far Hubris (great pride) brought many heroes to tragic ends Deaths served as a lesson to not overstretch one’s abilities

Minoans and Mycenaeans
Use your notes, textbooks, and technology to complete the Minoans vs. Mycenaeans graphic organizer. Use pages 127 – 129 (including maps) Use the book with the black spine, pages

The Odyssey Read The Odyssey on page 133 of your text.
Write a one-page (minimum) news broadcast about the Trojan War

February 10, 2014 Analyze the map on page 126. With your partner, create a list of Greece's geographic advantages and disadvantages. Then, answer questions 1 and 2.

War and Democracy in Greece

1. Athenian Democracy Development Birth place for democracy was Athens
A form of government run by the people

ii. Significant Leaders
Draco Thought the only way to end unrest was through harsh punishment He reformed city laws to accomplish this idea Harshness of the laws only made things worse

2. Solon Overturned Draco’s laws and reformed them Outlawed slavery Encouraged trade to help reduce poverty Allowed all men in Athens to take part in the assembly that governed the city and serve on juries that heard trials Only the wealthy could run and hold office First real steps toward democracy

3. Peisistratus Was a tyrant A strong man who seizes power by force and claims to rule for the good of the people Was popular with the people Pushed aristocrats out of office Increased trade to make Athens richer

4. Cleisthenes Reforms set the stage for Athenian Democracy Divided Athens into 10 tribes These tribes would be the basis on for their elections

b. Nature of Athenian Democracy
Only free male Athenians over the age of 20, who completed military training could vote Expected to take part in 4 areas Vote in all elections Serve in office if elected Serve on juries Serve in the military during war

ii. Athenian democracy consisted of three main bodies
Assembly Included all people eligible to take part in the government Made all the laws and important decisions for Athens Direct Democracy A type of system in which all people voted directly on the issue

2. Council of 500 Main role was to write laws that could be voted on in the assembly 3. Courts A complex system that heard trials and sentenced criminals Had as many as 6000 members, chosen from the Assembly

iii. Elected Officials Generals Would lead the city in war Archon Chief of state in Athens Was the head of the Assembly and Council of 500 Served one year terms but could be re-elected Could be removed from office or punished if he failed to serve the people well

c. Golden Age of Athens Increased influence Delian League Alliance with the city-states of Greece Controlled by Athens Controlled the league’s ships and money League will in essence become an Athenian Empire

ii. Rebuilding Athens 1. Used money from the Delian League’s treasury to rebuild the city after the Persian War 2. Built temples on the acropolis a. Grandest was the Parthenon 3. Built new roads, expanded the port and constructed high walls around the city

iii. Age of Pericles Pericles Elected as one of Athens generals Also a politician Introduced paid public offices and juries Encouraged introduction of democracy into other parts of Greece Commissioned the building of the Parthenon

2. War in Greece The Persian Wars Cause of Conflict Ionian Rebellion
A Greek city-state conquered by Persian and rebelled against them Asked fellow Greeks to help them gain independence Persians put rebellion down; wanted to punish those who helped

ii. 1st Persian Invasion Persians set out for Greece with tens of thousands of soldiers Landed at Marathon and fought the Athenians there

3. Athenians used a phalanx system to fight the Persians with
It is a tight rectangular formation in which the soldiers held long spears out ahead of the wall of shields Forced Persians to retreat

4. Legend of Marathon Messenger ran from Marathon to Athens to tell the news…got there…gave it and then died. He ran about 26 miles.

iii. Preparations for 2nd Invasion
Darius planned a 2nd attempt but died before he could execute it Xerxes continued with the planning Set out with hundreds of thousands of troops Athens seeks help from other city-states; Sparta answers Athens would command the navy Sparta would command the army

iv. 2nd Persian invasion Thermopylae
Spartans gathered at the mountain pass of Thermopylae to slow the Persians march on Athens Held them off for several days Persians found a way to surround the Spartans Spartan sacrifice allowed time for the Greek defense

2. Salamis Persians headed south to Athens
Used their fleet to deliver supplies

d. This battle changed the nature of the war
c. Athenian commander lured the Persian fleet into the Strait of Salamis Strait was narrow and did not allow for the much larger Persian fleet to maneuver well Greek warships cut down the Persian fleet d. This battle changed the nature of the war

3. Plataea The Greek army led by the full might of Sparta crushed the Persians After the defeat Persians gave up on the invasion and agreed to a peace settlement

b. The Peloponnesian War
The Peloponnesian League Headed by Sparta Fear the Athenian fleet would cut off their supplies Both sides will declare war on the other

ii. War in Greece Lasted for years First part of the war no one gains ground Agreed to a truce War starts again when Athens attacked one of Sparta’s allies Sparta takes to both land and sea and defeat the Athenians

5. Athens is forced to surrender
6. Sparta tried to control all of Greece but was unable to do so 7. Sparta will be conquered by Thebes Even they cannot control all of Greece Leaves a power vacuum in Greece

Choose one… Write a dialogue in which at least two leaders discuss Athenian government. One page minimum Create a comic strip depicting a conversation involving at least one Athenian leader. Imagine you are an Athenian leader. Write a one-page journal entry (including a visual component) discussing your ideas and experiences. ** You may use technology to do additional research **

Athens vs. Sparta Graphic Organizer
Use the following resources to help you be successful: Notes Textbook A History of Western Society (orange spine) pages , 70, 75-79 Personal technology When you’re finished, please complete the Minoan and Mycenaean Graphic Organizer

February 11, 2014 Can someone teach something so controversial that they should be put to death (or punished harshly)? Explain.

Greek Achievements

1. Philosophy Socrates First great Athenian philosopher
Interested in broad concepts: truth, justice and virtue Believed philosophers could learn what made good people and good societies Believed in order in find answers you have to ask questions Developed what we call the Socratic Method

b. Plato Student of Socrates A writer Most famous work is the Republic
Writings covered topics on truth, goodness and the ideal form of government Believed most qualified to lead in government were philosophers Wanted to make philosopher’s education more formal Founded the Academy

c. Aristotle Studied at the Academy
Concerned with the nature of the world around him Emphasis on reason and logic Reason- clear and ordered thinking Used to learn about the world Logic- process of making inferences People use what they already know to infer new facts

2. Literature Tell about great events and heroes
Homer’s epics Tell about great events and heroes Both tell stories about the Trojan war The Iliad Starts with the last year of the Trojan War Story about two mighty heroes: Achilles and Hector The Odyssey Tells the story of Odysseus (who angered the gods) Forced to wander the seas for 10 years

Deals with emotions and desires
b. Other forms of Poetry Descriptive Tells stories Lyric Poetry Deals with emotions and desires

3. History Herodotus Lived during the Persian wars Wrote The Histories
Describes major events: wars, battles, debates

b. Thucydides Lived during the Peloponnesian War Used primary sources Looked at sources critically and ignored what seemed unreliable and irrelevant

4. Drama Art of playwriting Two types Tragedy Three main writers
Aeschylus Wrote plays on ancient Greek myths and on events from Athenian history

b. Sophocles Concentrated his plays on suffering that people brought upon themselves c. Euripides Wrote about characters whose tragedy was not brought about by flaws but by chance or irrational behavior

ii. Comedy Many were satires, plays written to expose the flaws of their society

5. Greek Architecture and Art
Parthenon Great and grandest example of Greek architecture Housed the statue of Athena Had no windows Parts of the temple were painted

b. Sculpture Greeks adept at human form Tried to recreate what they observed Wanted statues to look lifelike and active Did not portray figures as they really were but as physically perfect

c. Paintings Best examples are found on vases, plates, and other vessels Decorated with scenes from everyday life, myths or legends Two colors used: black or red Lifelike and full of movement

The Hellenistic World

1. Macedonia Philip II Reorganized Macedonian army
Adopted the Phalanx system but modified it by using longer spears Also had larger bodies of archers and cavalry Conquered every major city-state in Greece except Sparta Assassinated in 336 B.C.; Son Alexander became king

b. Alexander the Great 20 years old when he became king
Student of Aristotle Re-established control over Greece

iv. Attacked Persia in 334 B.C.
Alexander’s army was smaller but was loyal to him and was well Defeats Persian army v. Attacked Egypt Welcomed as a liberator Named the new pharaoh

vi. Will try to take India but army refused to go on vii. 323 B. C
vi. Will try to take India but army refused to go on vii. 323 B.C. Alexander dies in Babylon; he was 33 years old viii. Had no heir

ix. Empire divided between his top 3 generals
Antigonus- King of Macedonia and Greece Seleucus- Persian Empire Ptolemy- Egypt

2. Hellenistic World Blending Cultures
Alexander helped create a new type of culture called Hellenistic or “Greek-like”

b. Alexandria Built by Alexander, in Egypt
Location of the Nile River was ideal for trade Built great palaces and grand monuments The Museum Held many works of art The Library of Alexandria Contained many works on philosophy, literature, history and the sciences

c. Life in the Hellenistic World
Government City-states were replaced with kingdoms Democracies became monarchies Women Gained the rights to receive an education and to own property Legally they were not equal to men though

3. Hellenistic Achievements
Philosophy Cynicism Called cynics Rejected pleasure, wealth and social responsibility Believed man should live according to nature

ii. Epicureans Believed people should seek out pleasure
Pleasure is viewed as good Pain was viewed as evil Believed one should develop close friendships with people who shared similar ideas

iii. Stoicism Called Stoics
Placed emphasis on reason, self-discipline, emotional control and personal morality Believed people should find their role in society and strive to fulfill it

b. Science and Technology
Euclid Formulated many of the ideas of geometry that we still use today Eratosthenes Calculated the size of the globe

iii. Archimedes Developed the compound pulley
Invented the mechanical screw

Mechanical Screw Compound Pulley

Historical Head Create a historical head for any of the figures:
Thucydides Alexander the Great Include words and symbols to show what your character is thinking Socrates Plato Aristotle Homer Use color! Herodotus

February 7, 2014 Label the Greece and Asia Minor map with the key places and features. Then, color the water blue.

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February 7, 2014 Label the Greece and Asia Minor map with the key places and features. Then, color the water blue.

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