Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside of the West

Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside of the West
Chapter 27

Introduction By the 19th century Russia and Japan had managed to launch industrialization programs and strengthened their social and political systems. They were the only countries outside of the West that industrialized before 1960 Both maintained economic and political independence

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance
I. Russia Before Reforms Anti-Westernization began under the reign of Catherine the Great Napoleon’s invasion of 1812 Conservative intellectuals support isolation Serfdom still exists Improvements in bureaucratic training Alexander I Forms Holy Alliance with Prussia and Austria to defend religion and established order

Western artistic style was welcomed by the ruling elite Russia contributes to the cultural movement Decembrist Revolt Political revolt in 1825 advocating western type reforms Put down by Tsar Nicolas I Secret police expand Schools and newspapers tightly supervised

Russia avoids a revolution from due to political repression Russia remains conservative Territorial expansion Poland Congress of Vienna of 1815 Ottoman Empire Russia supports Balkan independence France and Britain support Ottomans

II. Economic and Social Problems Russia falls behind the West in terms of industrialization & trade Russia increases their exports by tightening labor obligations of the peasants Russia remains an agricultural society Based on serf labor

Crimean War (1854 – 1856) Nicholas I provokes conflict with Ottomans in 1853 arguing Russia was responsible for protecting Christianity France and Britain aid Ottomans Britain worried about threat to their holdings in India France sought diplomatic glory and believed they were the defenders of Christianity The West wins due to their advanced technology

After the war Russia’s new Tsar Alexander II turns to industrialization Reforms essential to economic growth

III. The Reform Era and Early Industrialization Emancipation of the serfs in 1861 Aristocrats retained part of their land, but the serfs were given most of it Serfs obtained no political rights Tied to land until they could pay for it Redemption payments went to aristocrats to preserver their class

Emancipation brought about a new urban labor force Agricultural productivity remained stagnant Alexander II introduces more reforms in the 1860’s and 1870’s Zemstvoes – local political councils created Military reforms Educational reforms

Industrialization Trans-Siberian Railroad Stimulates Russian exports of grain Factories open building an urban working class Count Sergei Witte Minister of finance Enacted high tariffs Improved banking systems Encouraged western investments

Protest and Revolution in Russia
I. The Road to Revolution Alexander II’s reform & economic change encouraged minority nationalities to make demands Nationalism was divisive for minorities Russian nationalists mainstreamed the superiority of Russian tradition

Social protest over reforms, famines, redemption payments, and taxes Intelligentsia (Russian intellectuals as a class) became active in arguing for liberal reforms Wanted political freedom Wanted to keep Russian culture different from the West Some seen as radicals and many became anarchists

Anarchists wanted to abolish all formal government First large terrorist movement Assassinations and bombings Anarchists try to gain peasant support, but fail Alexander II pulls back from reforms and tightens tsarist control Censors newspapers and political meetings Alexander II assassinated by terrorists in 1881

By the 1890’s protest gained new force Marxist Socialism spread Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov aka Lenin Argued that because of international capitalism that a proletariat was developing Proletarian revolution couldn’t occur without going through a distinct middle-class phase. Bolsheviks (majority party who were actually the minority) backed Lenin

II. The Revolution of 1905 Expansion continues New Slavic states form in the Balkans Causes nationalism among Slavs Serbia Bulgaria The trans-Siberian railroad allows Russia to push into Manchuria and obtain long-term leases to Chinese territory

Russo-Japanese War Caused by Russia’s overextension Japan worried about Russia pushing father into China near Korea Japan wins and moves into Korea

Russian Revolution breaks out in 1905 Urban workers go on strike for political gains Peasant insurrections Agitated liberals Police brutality infuriates crowds causing more problems Duma National parliament created by liberals Stolypin reforms

Tsar Nicholas II strips the duma of power and police repression resumes Russian government focuses on the Ottoman Empire and being an ally to the Balkan states

III. Russia and Eastern Europe Russian patterns were paralleled in smaller Eastern European countries Most new nations established parliaments, but restricted their power Some became monarchies Serfdom is abolished

Cultural productivity helps create a sense of Slavic & Russian heritage Tchaikovsky Chopin Scientific gains Gregor Mendel Ivan Pavlov

Japan: Transformation Without Revolution
Western pressure forced Japan to consider reforms in the 1850’s They combined existing strengths and conditions with significant reforms

I. The Final Decades of the Shogunate Tokugawa Shogunate still in power Allies with samurai and daiymos Culture thrives under the Tokugawa Terakoya schools Teach Neo-Confuciansims Dutch studies Ban of western books ended in 1720

Commerce expanded and monopolies form Silk Soy sauce By the 1850’s economic growth slows Technological limitations on agriculture expansion and population increase Rural riots

II. The Challenge to Isolation Commodore Matthew Perry American who forces Japan to open ports for trade in 1853 Shogunate Bureaucrats Some reluctant to open doors to Westernere Other want to end isolation

1860’s Civil War breaks out Samurai attack foreigners Meiji restoration Emperor Meutsuhito (Meiji)

III. The Challenge to Isolation Meiji government abolishes feudalism Daimyos replaced with prefects in 1871 The state centralized and expanded Samurai sent abroad to study and promote change Western Europe and US Samurai class is abolished Some find new roles Iwasaki Yataro established the Mitsubishi Company

Political reconstruction in the 1880’s British-style Parliament House of Peers – upper house Diet – lower house Constitution of 1889 Emperor command the military

IV. Japan’s Industrial Revolution Westernization of: Military Banks Railroads Steam ships Agricultural methods

New Economic structure depended on the removal of tariffs and guilds Land reforms Allows individuals to own land Ministry of Industry created in 1870 Set overall economic policy Operated specific sectors of government Establishes model factories, shipyards, and arsenals

By 1900 the Japanese economy was fully launched by industrial revolution Private enterprise Careful management of foreign advice Dependent on exports to pay for needed imports

Social & Diplomatic Effects
The Industrial Revolution, manufacturing, commercial agriculture, and political change had significant ramifications with Japanese Culture and Society Massive pop. Growth Reduction of death rates Pop growth strained Japan’s resources Ensured low-cost labor

Japan’s government introduced a universal education system Western fashions copied Western standards of hygiene Shintoism grew few converted to Christianity Buddhism loses ground Traditional family life Divorce introduced

Economic changes Change in foreign policies Imperialism

Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside of the West

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