1. Chapter 11: Personality Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College

2. The Trait Perspective Hippocrates (ca. 460-377 BCE) – four humors Gordon Allport (1937) – thousands of traits Raymond Cattell (50s & 60s) – The 16PF Hans Eysenck (1985) – introversion/extroversion stability/instability (neuroticism) McCrae & Costa (1987-2003) – “Big Five”   The Five-Factor Model – –Extraversion – –Neuroticism – –Openness to experience – –Agreeableness – –Conscientiousness

3. Psychodynamic Approaches   Freud’s psychoanalytic theory – –Structure of personality   Id – reduces tension created by primitive drives; ruled by Pleasure principle   Ego – mediates between Id and outside world; ruled by Reality principle; uses defense mechanisms   Superego – morality based on society and authority figures; deals with conscience and ego-ideal

4. Freud’s Stage Approach to Personality   Oral stage (birth–1 year) – mouth is pleasure center   Anal stage (2-3 years) – pleasure center focused on anus   Phallic stage (4-5 years) – pleasure focused on genitals Oedipal conflict, castration anxiety, identification, Electra complex & penis envy issues at this point   Latency period (6 years – adolescence) – sexual interest is dormant   Genital stage (adolescence into adulthood) – mature sexual behavior

5. Neo-Freudians   Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology – –Personal unconscious – not within our awareness – –Collective unconscious – inherited memory traces from the past; common to all people (i.e. love for mother, fear of snakes, etc.)   Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology – –Striving for superiority - quest for self- improvement – –Compensation - overcoming inferiority – –Inferiority complex/ overcompensation – –Birth order – affects how parents treat their children

6. More Neo-Freudians  Karen Horney –Argued girls do not feel inferior to boys –Social relationships are more important than unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses  Erik Erikson – Psychosocial Development –Eight stages named for traits that should develop at each stage

7. Learning-Theory Perspectives: Behaviorism  John B. Watson –Focus on determinants of observable behavior, not unseen, undetectable, unconscious forces   Skinner’s views – –Conditioning and response tendencies – –Environmental determinism

8. Learning-Theory Perspectives: Social Cognitive Theory   Bandura’s views – –Social learning theory   Cognitive processes and reciprocal determinism   Observational learning   Models   Self-efficacy   Mischel’s views – –The person-situation controversy

9. “Perfect” by Alanis Morissette Sometimes is never quite enough If you're flawless, then you'll win my love Don't forget to win first place Don't forget to keep that smile on your face Be a good boy Try a little harder You've got to measure up And make me prouder How long before you screw it up How many times do I have to tell you to hurry up With everything I do for you The least you can do is keep quiet Be a good girl You've gotta try a little harder That simply wasn't good enough To make us proud I'll live for you I'll make you what I never was If you're the best, then maybe so am I Compared to him compared to her I'm doing this for your own damn good You'll make up for what I blew What's the problem? Why are you crying? Be a good boy Push a little farther now That wasn't fast enough To make us happy We'll love you just the way you are if you're perfect

10. Humanistic Perspectives   Carl Rogers – –Person Centered Theory   Self-concept – mental picture of yourself – –Conditional positive regard: depends on living up to expectations – –Unconditional positive regard: worthy of affection regardless – –Incongruence and anxiety  Abraham Maslow –Self-actualization theory & Hierarchy of needs

11. The Sociocultural Perspective  Considers aspects of culture, race, gender, economics, etc.  Individualist –Define self in terms of personal identities –Give priority to personal goals  Collectivist –Define self in terms of groups to which you belongs –Give priority to the group’s goals

12. Is Genetics Destiny?  Behavioral genetics  Family, twin, and adoptive studies  Heritability  Shared and non-shared environmental factors  Unknown environmental factors (non-shared) seem to have the largest impact on personality

13. Types of Personality Tests   Self report inventories/Objective tests MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) – designed to assess disorders The 16PF – measures basic dimensions of personality NEO Personality Inventory – measures “Big Five”   Problems with self report tests Deliberate deception Social desirability bias Response sets

14. Types of Personality Tests (continued)   Projective Tests Rorschach test TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) Menninger Word Association Test Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank Draw-a-Person Test   Pros & Cons of Projective Tests + less deception + may bring up unconscious processes - questionable reliability and validity - too subjective for scoring