1. Ration formulation –The goal is to offset the animals requirement with an appropriate level of feed nutrients. –There are economic and possibly animal welfare consequences when the ration is „out of balance” in either surplus or deficient direction. –The accuracy of the process depends, how reliable the information provided for each „side” of the balance are (nutrient requirements of the animals, nutrient content of feeds).

2. Ration formulation –There are two ways for formulation: hand methods (needs practice, practical experience, slow, does not take into account the price of feedstuffs) computer methods (quick, takes into account also the price of feedstuffs, needs also practical experience) –For ruminants daily rations are prepared (daily ration for cows producing 20l milk per day) –For monogastric animals compound diets are produced (diets for 30- 60 kg pigs) The nutrient content of feeds –can be measured in a laboratory –can be found in the same recommendations like to the requirements In the case of ruminants the following requirement values are used: –dry matter, NE, crude protein, crude fibre, Ca, P, In the case of monogastric animals: –dry matter, DE or ME, crude protein, crude fibre, Ca, P, Lysine, Methionine + Cystine Other minerals, vitamins, salt are added in the form of so called premixes

3. Ration formulation T he requirement of animals depends on the –species (feedstuffs used for the ruminants and monogastrics are different) –form of utilisation (the ration of milking cows contain more forage, on the other hand beef cattle are fed with rations containing high amounts of grains) –age of animals (young animals need more energy, protein, minerals, vitamins; requirements decline in elder animals) Requirement values can be determined or found in different recommendations (National Research Council, NRC; other national recommendations, like Hungarian Feed Codex, research publications etc.)

4. Determination the energy, protein or amino acid requirements with animal experiments 12,8

5. Requirements of some animal species EnergyCrude protein CaP Beef cattle, live weight: 300 kg, daily growth rate: 800g 26,6 MJ NEm 11,6 MJ NEg 741g29g18g Growing diet for pigs (50 kg) 14MJ DE170g6g5g Broiler grower diet (3-5 week old chicks) 13, 4 MJ ME200g9g3,5g* Turkey growing diet (13 week old birds) 13,0 MJ ME190g7,5g3,8g* * = non phytate, or available P

8. Formulation daily rations for milking cows Basic ration (the roughage part of the ration, covers the maintenance requirement of cows and the production of about 10-12 l milk per day) Supplementary feed (contains cereals and protein concentrates, covers the requirement of producing milk above the basic ration) Mineral and vitamin premixes are mixed with the supplementary feed. If no supplementary feed is needed some grain meal (0,5-1 kg) is used to mix with the premixes.

9. Formulation daily rations for milking cows 1.find out the nutrient requirement of the cow or th group of cows 2.find out the feedstuffs available 3.define the ratio of feedstuffs, according to the potential dry matter intake of cows and the recommended maximum ratios of feedstuffs 4.NEl and crude protein contents of the ration is calculated and compared with the requirements 5.Check the Ca and P supply. If necessary use Ca and P supplements. If both minerals are missing, use the P supplement first, since it contains also Ca. The final deficiency of Ca can be supplied with limestone. 6.Check the fibre content of the ration (20±3% of the dry matter intake) 7.Ruminants can feed about 8-10% green forages, 3-5% silages, and 0,5-1% hays of their live weight.

10. Formulation daily ration for 600 kg milking cows, producing 14 litre milk per day, the milk contains 3,6% fat, grazing on good quality pasture RequirementDry matter (kg)NEl (MJ)Crude protein (g) Ca (g)P (g) Maintenance Milk production Total FeedstuffsNutrients in 1 kg dry matterNutrients in the ration sz.a.NElc. prot.c. fibreCaPAmountdry matter NElc. prot.c. fibreCaP (g)(MJ)(g) (kg) (MJ)(g) corn silage25 alfalfa hay5 Total30 Differences

12. Maintenance requirements of cows Weight ( kg)crude protein Cap NEl, MJg grazing stallgood quality medium quality 45034,337,741,24031915 50037,240,944,64322217 55039,943,947,94612418 60042,646,951,14892620 65045,249,754,25152821 70047,852,657,45423023 75050,455,460,55673225

13. Requirements of production 1 litre milk milk fat % NEl MJ milk protein % CPCap g 3,02,682,777 3,52,872,882 3,62,922,983 3,72,963,084 3,83,003,185 3,93,043,286 4,03,103,3872,81,7 4,13,133,488

14. Potential dry matter intake of dairy cows, kg (±1kg) Live weight (kg)400500600700 Milk production (kg) 1010,011,513,214,7 1511,212,514,416,1 2012,414,016,218,2 2513,615,518,019,6 3014,817,019,221,0 3516,018,020,422,4 4019,021,623,8 45-20,022',825,2

15. Ca and P supplements NameCa P Ca:P Amount needed for supplying 1 g P Dry matter (g/kg) g/kg MCP (monocalcium phosphate) 908 160 2200,73:14,55 DCP (dicalcium phosphate) 980 290 2101.38:14,76 ÁP-17950 225 1711,31:15,85 ÁP-18950 191 1871,02:15,35 Hostaphos 950 90 1750,51:15,71 Nutrafosz I. (cattle ) 950 87 1310,66:17,63 II. (pig) 950 184 1051,75:19,52 III. (poultry) 950 170 1051,62:19,52 Phylafor 950 39 1210,32:18,26 Cefkaphos 950 160 2270,70:14,41 Phylafor Super 950 34 1800,19:15,56 Phylafor (sheep) 950 42 1220,34:18,20 Limestone 950 380 ---