1. Study Guide Solutions IS 2403 FS 2014

2. Study guide 1 1e,2e,3a,4a5b,6c,7d,8a 9 View changes: CNP lower the further south you go; time later, therefore stars rise and set earlier the further East you go 10 Retrograde motion is strange, because sun and moon keep going around the ecliptic (or close to the ecliptic) always in the same direction, planets do not

3. Study Guide 2 1c,2e,3d,4d,5a,6b Kepler’s second law is in essence a statement of angular momentum conservation. It leads to the conclusion that planets move faster when they are closer to the sun without stating *why* they would do that. Planets orbit around the sun as a “compromise” between their Newton 1 st law inertia (want to travel along straight lines) and the sun’s pul directly towards the sun. Galileo observed half and gibbous phases of Venus even though Ptolemaic theory sys they should not exist

4. Study Guide 3 1c,2d,3b,4c,5e,6c,7a,8a,9d,10d,11b,12a,13e Spectroscopic Parallax determines distance from observed brightness B and luminosity L. The latter can be read off a HRD by assuming the star is main sequence, and measuring its spectral type or color or temperature. Main sequence stars are brighter if the are hotter because power radiated is proportional to temp.^4. red giant are luminous b/c the are large, therefore have a large surface area, and P is prop. to area (and T^4) As stars turn into Red Giants they become cooler, bigger, brighter and still have the same mass, of course.

5. Final Study Guide 1b,2a,3a,4b,5a,6c,7c,8b,9a,10e,11b,12e 13. Explain what the Hubble law is and what it implies for cosmology. Hubble’s law describes the recessional velocity of a galaxy as a linear function of our distance from the galaxy. It implies that the universe started about 14 billion years ago with the Big Bang. 14. Characterize the three possible shapes of a universe that does not contain Dark Energy. Standard cosmology leads to either a closed universe (lots of mass), an open, flat universe (critical amount of mass), or an open, negatively curved universe (not enough mass) 15. Why and how is galaxy formation and development different from the stellar formation and development? Galaxies can collide since they are close to each other compared to their sizes, so instead of developing on their own, they collide and influence each other.