1. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Textbook to be published by Pearson Ed in early 2014 http://www.funwebdev.com Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar © 2015 Pearson http://www.funwebdev.com XML Extensible Markup Language Chapter 17 - 1

2. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XML Overview XML is a text-based markup language, but unlike HTML, XML can be used to mark up any type of data. Derived from Standard Generalized Markup Language SGML One of the key benefits of XML data is that as plain text, it can be read and transferred between applications and different operating systems as well as being human-readable and understandable as well. XML is not only used on the web server and to communicate asynchronously with the browser, but is also used as a data interchange format for moving information between systems Introduction

3. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XML Overview XML in the web context - Used in many systems

4. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Well Formed XML Sample Document XML declaration is analogous to HTML DOCTYPE

5. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Well Formed XML Syntax Rules For a document to be well-formed XML, it must follow the syntax rules for XML: Element names are composed of any of the valid characters (most punctuation symbols and spaces are not allowed) in XML. Element names can’t start with a number. There must be a single-root element. A root element is one that contains all the other elements; for instance, in an HTML document, the root element is. All elements must have a closing element (or be self-closing). Elements must be properly nested. Elements can contain attributes. Attribute values must always be within quotes. Element and attribute names are case sensitive.

6. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Valid XML Requires a DTD Validation is a process by which an XML document is validated. An XML document is said to be valid if its content matches with the elements, attributes and other piece of an associated document type declaration and if the document complies with the constraints expressed in it. A valid XML document is one that is well formed and whose element and content conform to the rules of either its Document Type definition (DTD) or its schema. A DTD tells the XML parser which elements and attributes to expect in the document as well as the order and nesting of those elements. A DTD can be defined within an XML document or within an external file.

7. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XSLT XML Stylesheet Transformations XSLT is an XML-based programming language that is used for transforming XML into other document formats

8. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XSLT Another usage XSLT is also used on the server side and within JavaScript

9. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XSLT Example XSLT document that converts the XML from Listing 17.1 into an HTML list

10. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XSLT An XML parser is still needed to perform the actual transformation

11. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XPath Another XML Technology XPath is a standardized syntax for searching an XML document and for navigating to elements within the XML document XPath is typically used as part of the programmatic manipulation of an XML document in PHP and other languages XPath uses a syntax that is similar to the one used in most operating systems to access directories.

12. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XPath Learn through example

13. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XML Basics XML tags identify the data and are used to store and organize the data, rather than specifying how to display it like HTML tags XML Characteristics: XML is extensible: XML allows you to create your own self-descriptive tags, or language, that suits your application. XML carries the data, does not present it: XML allows you to store the data irrespective of how it will be presented. XML is a public standard: XML was developed by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and is available as an open standard.

14. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XML Usage XML can: work behind the scene to simplify the creation of HTML for large web sites. Be used to exchange the information between organizations and systems. Be used for offloading and reloading of databases. Be used to store and arrange the data. Be easily be merged with style sheets to create almost any desired output. list of XML usage

15. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar What is a Markup? XML is not a markup language, but the set of rules building a markup language. XML is not a programming language, but it: does have certain syntax can be processed by special programs (parsers)

16. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XML Syntax Tanmay Patil TutorialsPoint (011) 123-4567 Ahmed Ali Batelco (00973)17448888 Declaration Root Element Text Attribute Elements

17. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XML Syntax Rules  XML Declaration  Tags and Elements  Attributes  References  Text

18. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Declaration Optional but must be the first statement if used. Case sensitive Optional attributes include: version : Always 1.0 encoding : Default is UTF-8 standalone : Yes or No (Default is No) It informs the parser whether the document relies on information from an external source, such as external document type definition, for its content.

19. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Tags Tag names are enclosed by triangular brackets.. or in simple-cases empty tags Nesting of elements: can contain multiple XML- elements as its children, but the children elements must not overlap. XML tags must be closed in order i.e XML tag opened inside another element must be closed before the outer element is closed. Only one root element. Case sensitive: ≠ Syntax Rules

20. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Attributes Attribute gives more information about the XML element or more precisely it defines a property of the element. An XML attribute is always a name-value pair. The syntax for attributes is name="value" You can have multiple attributes for each element. There are three types of attributes: StringType TokenizedType EnumratedType

21. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Attributes Rules An attribute name must not appear more than once in the same start-tag or empty-element tag. The attribute must have been declared; the value must be of the type declared for it. Attribute values must not contain direct or indirect entity references to external entities. The replacement text of any entity referred to directly or indirectly in an attribute value must not contain either less than sign sign >.

22. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Character Entities Entities are placeholders in XML. There are three types of character entities: 1.Predefined Character Entities: to avoid the ambiguity while using some of symbols 2.Numbered Character Entities: To refer the character entity numeric reference can be used. Numeric reference can either be in decimal or hexadecimal numbers. 3.Named Character Entities: for special character, such as A-acute (Á)

23. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Character Data (CDATA) & White Space CDATA are used to escape block of text that does not parsed by the parser and are otherwise recognized as markup <![CDATA[ Welcome to TutorialsPoint ]] > Whitespace is handled in a significant or non significant manner in XML Significant whitespace: within the element which contain text and markup mixed together Non significant whitespace is the spaces where only element content is allowed. CDATA End CDATA Start Treated as Text

24. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Processing Processing Instructions (PI) can be used to pass information to applications so as to escapes most XML rules. PIs can appear anywhere in the document outside of other markup. PIs are hardly used. They are known mostly to be used to link XML document to a stylesheet. Processing Instructions (PI)

25. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Encoding Encoding is the process of converting characters into their equivalent binary representation. When an XML processor reads an XML document, depending on the type of encoding it encodes the document. Hence we need to specify the type of encoding in the XML declaration. There are mainly two types of encoding present: UTF-8 and UTF-16. UTF stands for UCS Transformation Format, and UCS itself means Universal Character Set. UTF-8 is considered the default encoding when a declaration or the encoding attribute is missing.

26. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Validation Validation is a process by which an XML document is validated. An XML document is said to be valid if its content matches with the elements, attributes and other piece of an associated document type declaration and if the document complies with the constraints expressed in it. Validation is dealt in two ways by the XML parser: Well-formed XML document Valid XML document

27. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Valid XML document If an XML document is well-formed and has an associated Document Type Declaration [DTD], then it is said to be a valid XML document. The main drawback with DTDs is that they can only validate the existence and ordering of elements. They provide no way to validate the values of attributes or the textual content of elements. For this type of validation, one must instead use XML schemas, which have the added advantage of using XML syntax. Unfortunately, schemas have the corresponding disadvantage of being long-winded and harder for humans to read and comprehend; for this reason, they are typically created with tools.

28. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar Data Type Definition Example

29. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XML Schema Just one example

30. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XML Viewers and Editors An XML document can be viewed using a simple text editor or any browser. Most of the major browsers supports XML. XML files are saved with a ".xml" extension. XML Editor is a markup language editor. The XML documents can be edited or created using existing editors such as Notepad, WordPad or any simple text editor. Most IDEs support XML editing and validation

31. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XML Parser XML parser is a software library or a package that provides methods for client applications to work with XML documents. It checks for proper format of the XML document and may also validate the XML XML Parsers: Verifies that an XML document is well formed. Checks XML document for syntax errors Converts XML document into some type of internal memory structure All contemporary browsers have built-in parsers as do most web development environments such as PHP and ASP.NET

32. Fundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo HoarFundamentals of Web DevelopmentRandy Connolly and Ricardo Hoar XML Processor When a software program reads an XML document and does something with it, this is called processing the XML. Therefore, any program that can read and that can process XML documents is known as an XML processor. An XML processor reads an XML file and turns it into in- memory structures that the rest of the program can do whatever it likes with. The most fundamental XML processor reads XML documents and converts them into an internal representation for other programs or subroutines to use. This is called a parser, and it is an important component of every XML processing program.