1. Tutorial 11 Creating XML Document

2. Objectives Describe the history of XML and the uses of XML documents
Understand XML vocabularies
Define well-formed and valid XML documents, and describe the basic structure of an XML document
Create an XML declaration
Work with XML comments
Work with XML parsers and understand how Web browsers work with XML documents
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3. Objectives (continue)
Create XML elements and attributes
Work with character and entity references
Describe how XML handles parsed character data, character data, and white space
Create an XML processing instruction to apply a style sheet to an XML document
Declare a default namespace for an XML vocabulary and apply the namespaceAccess desktop icons and gadgets on the desktop
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4. Introducing XML XML stands for Extensible Markup Language.
It is markup language that can be extended and modified to match the needs of the document author and data being recorded.
XML has some advantages in presenting structured content.
Because it is extensible, XML can be used to create a wide variety of document types.
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5. Introducing XML
XML has its roots in Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) which was introduced in the 1980s.
SGML is device-independent and system-independent.
SGML is difficult to learn and to apply because of its power, scope, and flexibility.
XML is a language used to create vocabularies for other markup languages but does not have SGML complexity.
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6. XML Syntax Rules
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7. XML Today
XML was originally created to structure, store, and transport information.
XML has become the most common tool for data transmission among various applications.
XML is used across a variety of industries.
XML is used in all major Web sites.
Many software applications (Excel and Word), and server languages (Java, .NET, Perl, PHP) can read and create XML files.
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8. XML Today (continue)
All major databases can read and create XML files.
On Web pages the structure of XML closely matches the structure used to display the same information in HTML.
Mobile device platforms (Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS use XML in a variety of ways.
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9. XML Vocabularies
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10. Well-Formed and Valid XML Documents
An XML document is well-formed if it contains no syntax errors and satisfies the general specifications for XML code as laid out by the W3C.
A well-formed XML document that satisfies the rules of a DTD or schema is said to be a valid document.
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11. The Structure of an XML Document
XML documents consist of three parts
The prolog
The document body
The epilog
The prolog is optional and provides information about the document itself
XML declaration
Processing instructions
Comments lines
Document type declaration (DTD)
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12. The Structure of an XML Document
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13. The Structure of an XML Document
The document body contains the document’s content in a hierarchical tree structure.
The epilog is also optional and contains any final comments or processing instructions.
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14. The XML Declaration
The XML declaration is always the first part of the prolog in an XML document. It signals to the program reading the file that the document is written in XML, and it provides information about how that code is to be interpreted by the program.
The syntax is:
<?xml version=“version number”
encoding=“encoding type” standalone=“yes | no” ?>
A sample declaration:
<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8” standalone=“yes” ?>
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15. Inserting Comments
Comments can appear anywhere in the prolog go after the XML declaration.
Comments provide additional information about what the document will be used for and how it was created.
The syntax for comments is <!-- comment -->
This is the same syntax for HTML comments <! This document contains data on SJB Pet Butique holiday specials File name: sjbpet.xml Author: Patricia Dean Date: 9/18/ >
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16. XML Parsers
Parser (or processor) is a program that reads and interprets an XML document.
Parser interprets a document’s code and verifies that it satisfies all the XML specifications for document structure and syntax.
Parsers are strict.
All major Web browsers include an XML parser.
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17. XML Parsing Process
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18. Exchanger XML Editor
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19. Working with Elements Elements are the basic building blocks of XML.
An element can have text content and child element content.
The content is stored between an opening tag and a closing tag, just as in HTML.
The syntax of an XML element with text: <element>content</element>
Example: <manufacturer>SJB Pet Boutique</manufacturer>
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20. Working with Elements Element names are case sensitive.
Element names must begin with a letter or the underscore and cannot contain blank spaces.
The element’s name in closing tag must exactly match the name in the opening tag.
An empty element with a single tag: <element />
An empty element with a pair of tags: <element></element>
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21. Nesting Elements An element contained within another element.
Nested elements also called child elements.
Child elements must be enclosed within their parent elements.
Example: <product> <productName>Dog Shirt Gift Basket</productName> <manufacturer>SJB Pet Boutique</manufacturer> <description>Something for every day of the week</description> <price>35.99</price> <productItems>1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204 </productItems> </product>
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22. The Element Hierarchy
All elements in the body are children of a single element called the root or document element.
There can be only one root element.
The familial relationship of parent, child, and sibling extends throughout the entire document body.
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23. The Element Hierarchy
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24. Charting the Element Hierarchy
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25. Writing the Document Body
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26. Working with Attributes
An attribute is a feature or characteristic of an element.
Every element can contain one or more attributes.
Attributes are text strings and must be placed in single or double quotes. The syntax is:
<element attribute=“value”> … </element> or <element attribute=“value” />
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27. Working with Attributes
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28. Using Character and Entity References
Special characters, such as the € symbol, can be inserted into your XML document by using a character reference. The syntax is:
&#nnn;
Some symbols also can be identified using entity reference. The syntax is:
&#entity;
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29. Using Character and Entity References
nnn is a character reference number or name from the ISO/IEC character set.
entity is the name assigned to the symbol.
ISO/IEC character set is an international numbering system for referencing characters from virtually any language.
Character references in XML are the same as in HTML.
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30. Using Character and Entity References
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31. Using Character and Entity References
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32. Parsed Character Data
Parsed character data (PCDATA) consists of all those characters that XML treats as parts of the code of XML document
The XML declaration
The opening and closing tags of an element
Empty element tags
Character or entity references
Comments
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33. Character Data and White Space
Character data is not processed, but instead is treated as pure data content.
White space refers to nonprintable characters such as spaces (created by pressing the Spacebar), new line characters (created by pressing the Enter key), or tab characters (created by pressing the Tab key).
HTML applies white space stripping, in which consecutive occurrences of white space are treated as a single space.
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34. Creating a CDATA Section
A CDATA section is a block of text that XML treats as character data only.
The syntax to create a CDATA section is:
<! [CDATA [
character data
] ]>
A CDATA section may contain most markup characters, such as <, >, and &.
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35. Creating CDATA Section
This example shows an element named htmlcode that contains a CDATA section, which is used to store several HTML tags:
<htmlcode>
<![CDATA[
<h1>SJB Pet Boutique</h1>
<h2>Fashion for Pets and Their Humans</h2> ]]>
</htmlcode>
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36. Example of CDATA Section
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37. Formatting XML Data with CSS
XML documents do not include any information about how they should be rendered. Rendering is determined solely by the parser.
Link the XML document to a style sheet to format the document. The XML parser will combine the style sheet with the XML document and will render a single formatted document.
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38. Formatting XML Data with CSS
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39. Applying a Style to an Element
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – style sheet language.
To apply a style sheet to a document, use the following style declaration:
selector { attribute1: value1; attribute2: value2; … }
selector is an element (or set of elements, separated by comma) from the XML document.
attribute and value are the style attributes and attribute values to be applied to the document.
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40. Applying a Style to an Element
For example:
author { color: red; font-weight: bold; }
Will display the text of the artist element in a red boldface type.
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41. Inserting a Processing Instruction
The link from the XML document to a style sheet is created using a processing instruction.
A processing instruction is a command that tells an XML parser how to process the document.
Processing instruction syntax: <?target instruction ?> target identifies the program (or object) to which the processing instruction is directed and instruction is information that the document passes on to the parser for processing <?xml-stylesheet type=”text/css” href=”url” media=”type” ?>
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42. The sjbpet.xml Document with Style Sheet Applied
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43. Working with Namespaces
Namespace – a defined collection of element and attribute names.
Applying a namespace to an XML document involves two steps:
Declare the namespace.
Identify the elements and attributes within the document that belong to that namespace.
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44. Declaring a Namespace
Syntax:
<element xmlns:prefix=”uri”> ... </element>
element is the element in which the namespace is declared, prefix is a string of characters that you’ll add to element and attribute names to associate them with the declared namespace, and uri is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)—a text string that uniquely identifies a resource.
Example: <products xmlns:prd=” ...
</products>
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45. Applying a Default Namespace
A default namespace is declared omitting the prefix in the namespace declaration.
Syntax: <element xmlns=”uri”> ... </element>
Example: <products xmlns=”
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