1. Brief History of Modern India
From Colony to Independence to Partition

2. Learning Targets
Examine the impact of geographic phenomenon on the Indian subcontinent.
Trace the history of India from ancient times to modern times
Analyze the impact of imperialism on India
Identify reasons why native Indian’s were unhappy with British rule.

3. The Geography of India Located on the subcontinent of India
A large landmass that juts out of Asia
Situated just south of the Himalayan & Hindu Kush Mountains
Located in between the Indus River and the Ganges River
Climate dominated by monsoons
Strong, often violent winds that change direction with the seasons

4. India’s Monsoons
India’s winters are hot and dry: winds blow from the northeast with very little moisture

5. India’s Monsoons India’s summer sees winds blowing from the southwest
The summer is dominated by torrential rainstorms often causing violent landslides; however are welcomed by farmers and to provide electricity

6. Hindu Kush Mountains
Himalayan Mountains
India
These factors kept the culture of the Indus River very isolated from the rest of Asia
Indus River
Ganges River

7. Ancient India
The Indus River Valley grew into a thriving civilization by 2500 BCE.
The Dravidians lived in the south and were eventually eclipsed by the Aryans migrating from the northeast.
India initially was consolidated under the Gupta Dynasty
Other powerful dynasties included the Magadha, Kosla, Kuru and Gandhara Dynasties

8. Dravidians
Aryans

9. Muslims Invade India
In the 10th century a Muslim rulers from Turkey & Afghanistan began invading and by the 12th century, had established the Delhi Sultanate (Sultan = tsar, emperor, king)
5 Dynasties that ruled India as a kingdom
The Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the Mughal Empire which ruled the land for over 300 years (1526–1857).
Led to an "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures

10. Delhi Sultanate

11. Mughal Dynasty

12. Europeans Arrive
Europeans Arrive Europeans began arriving in India in 1500’s – they were hoping to make money from the lucrative spice trade

13. 1498 – European Arrival (Portugal)
Vasco da Gama of Portugal

14. 16th c. – Portuguese Empire at maximum extent

15. 1500-1700s – Dutch, French, British Follow

16. 1700s – Mughal Empire Declines & British eclipse French
Seven Years’ War: British defeat French
(Here we know it as the French & Indian War!)

17. British East India Company
A company that was founded by way of a charter from the monarch of Britain for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but ended up trading mostly with the Indian subcontinent, present-day Pakistan, and parts of Iran

18. 1600 – British East India Company
Tea
Silk
Cotton

19. British East India Company
During the 1700’s and 1800’s the East India Company slowly took control of India
As the Mughal Empire grew weak, the East India Company grew in economic and political strength and began to build its own military force
The military force mainly consisted of sepoys , Indian soldiers, led by British commanders

20. Sepoys

21. The British
The British wanted many of the raw materials India produced
cotton, indigo, jute (burlap), spices, sugar, and tea
These material were shipped to Britain for use in British factories – finished products were then shipped around the world to British colonies
Advantages of the British invasion – railroads, education, hospitals, common language,
Disadvantages– low wages, few rights, no say in government

22. The Sepoy Rebellion
The strength of British control angered many of the Indians
1857 the sepoy troops rebelled
The British suppressed the rebellion and abolished the British East India Company
India officially became a British colony In 1877
Queen Victoria took the title Empress of India…India becomes known as the British Raj
Raj = means "royalty" or "kingdom" in Sanskrit and Hindu languages

24. Anti-British Protests
Indians never really accepted British rule
In the late 1800’s Indian nationalists created the Indian National Congress
Rather than demand independence, the Congress asked for equal treatment and representation in government
The British refused
National Congress’s goals slowly changed from seeking reform to demanding independence

26. World War I:
Britain promises India self-rule if they help fight in the war
1.25 million Indians served with British military
When war ends, Britain made a few reforms but refused to grant India self-government

27. After World War I
High casualty rates, increasing inflation compounded by heavy taxation, the deadly 1918 flu pandemic, and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India
Result: Revival of Independence Movement

28. Amritsar Massacre
Amritsar was a city in Punjab (Indian state) where protests and gatherings were making the British increasingly nervous
1919, British general (Reginald Dyer) banned public meetings in the city of Amritsar
Many people ignored the order and gathered in a public garden called Jallianwala Bagh for the Sikh Festival "Baisakhi fair” & to protest British rule

29. Amritsar

30. Amritsar Massacre Dyer arrived with British troops
Giving no word of warning, ordered 50 soldiers to fire into the gathering
In 10 to 15 minutes 1,650 rounds of ammunition were unloaded into the screaming, terrified crowd
Dyer then marched away, leaving 379 dead and over 1,500 wounded

31. Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, the Butcher of Amritsar
Dyer—without warning the crowd to disperse—blocked the main exits. He explained later that this act "was not to disperse the meeting but to punish the Indians for disobedience.” Dyer ordered his troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes. Cease-fire was ordered only when ammunition supplies were almost exhausted, after approximately 1,650 rounds were spent

32. Entrance to the public garden, Jallianwala Bagh

33. Passageway to the public garden, Jallianwala Bagh

34. Memorial monument to those lost in the massacre

35. Bullet Marks still left from April 13, 1919

36. Martyr's Well

37.
Martyr's Well

38. The Impact of Amritsar
The Amritsar Massacre stirred nationalist feelings across India and had a profound effect on many Indians
After the Amritsar Massacre many became convinced that India should accept nothing less than full independence.

39. Homework
Please read the biography of Mahatmas Gandhi for tomorrow’s class.

40. Indian Independence & Mohandas Gandhi
You must be the change you wish to see in the world.

41. Reading

42. Learning Targets
Trace the biography of Gandhi and his role in India’s independence movement
Define and apply the concepts of civil disobedience and passive resistance
Analyze statements from Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj to better understand the ideas of non-violent protest.
Explain the concept of “partition” in relationship to the creation of modern India and Pakistan.

43. Review
What British company essentially took complete control of India by the early 19th century?
After the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, what did British Queen Victoria do? What did India become called after her declaration?
What were some of the reasons native Indians were unhappy with British rule?
What happened at Amritsar in 1919? What impact did this event have on the native Indian population?

44. What Do The Following Images Have in Common?

52. Commonalities? What do these images have in common?
Why do these forms of protest work?
What do the people in the images have in common with the people of India in the early 20th century?

53. Who Was Gandhi?
Mahatmas Gandhi was the primary leader of India's independence movement
Spent 20 years opposing discriminatory legislation against Indians
Pioneer of Satyagraha, or resistance through mass, non-violent civil disobedience

54. Gandhi & Nonviolence
The Amritsar Massacre had a profound effect on Mohandas Gandhi
Became convinced that nothing but full independence from Great Britain was an acceptable resolution
Gandhi began organizing his first campaign of mass civil disobedience against Britain's oppressive rule.

55. Gandhi as a man in his 60s fighting for Indian Independence
Gandhi as a young lawyer fighting for the rights of black South Africans

56. Gandhi’s Tactics
Gandhi emerges as spiritual leader for Indian Independence
A. Civil Disobedience - refusing to obey unjust laws and purposely breaking them
B. Passive Resistance - Non-violent protests using two major aspects:
Satyagraha = “soul force”, meaning opponents must be weaned from error by patience and compassion
Ahimsa = “Love for all”…even your enemies

57. Satyagraha
The goal of Satyagraha is to resolve the conflict with an opponent without inflicting physical or emotional injury to them, and with willingness to suffer physical or emotional injury to oneself.
No violence ever
No fear ever
Examples?

59. Ahimsa Literally means compassion
Inspired by the premise that all living beings have the spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being is to hurt oneself.
To harm another will have karmic effects
Karma = what you put out in the world will come back to you

60. Gandhi & Protest Boycotts British goods – especially textiles
He encouraged homespun clothing and wore a dhoti, simple white garment traditionally worn by villagers.
Goes on hunger strikes in prison and calls for the stoppage of any violent protests.
Jailed 11 times for writing anti-British articles, organizing marches and rallies, and organizing boycotts
But also English language, British schools, courts

62. Leading By Example
Each of you will be given a excerpts from Gandhi’s book, The Hind Swaraj.
You will work with a partner, and read through the excerpts,
Afterward, you will complete the “Interpreting Primary Sources” handout by rewriting Gandhi’s ideas of civil disobedience and passive resistance.

63. Leading By Example
Let’s Discuss!

64. The Salt March
British law claimed that the British had sole right to produce and sell salt in India
Gandhi wrote to the British governor (Viceroy) in India stating his intent to break the law
With 78 followers he marched 240 miles to the sea.
By the time he reached the sea, thousands of people had joined the march

67. The Salt March
Gandhi and others harvested salt from the sea and were arrested
Reporters around the world reported the incident.
The event embarrassed the British government who prided themselves on their democratic traditions.

68. April 5, 1930
Gandhi raised a lump of salty mud and declared, "With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire.” He then boiled it in seawater, producing illegal salt. He implored his thousands of followers to likewise begin making salt along the seashore, "wherever it is convenient" and to instruct villagers in making illegal, but necessary, salt

69. Why Salt?!?

70. Why Salt?!?
The salt tax was a deeply symbolic choice, since salt was used by nearly everyone in India, to replace the salt lost by sweating in India's tropical climate
An item of daily use could resonate more with all classes of citizens
He also reasoned that it would build unity between Hindus and Muslims by fighting a wrong that touched them equally
Salt Shaker is linked to a history channel video.

71. Independence
After WWII – Britain realized it could no longer keep control of South Asia, and in particular India
But a whole other set of issues arose between India’s Hindus and Muslims, which we’ll discuss tomorrow!

72. Mahatma Gandhi: An Un-peaceful End

73. Explain the basic idea(s) of non-violent protest.
Before You leave…
Explain the basic idea(s) of non-violent protest.
Place your response on the slip provided.
Make sure your name is on it and turn it in!

75. independence & Partition
After WWII – Britain realized it could no longer keep control of South Asia
This developed into a new set of problems –
the mistrust and hostility between India’s Muslim population and Hindu population
Neither group trusted the other – the Hindus greatly outnumbered the Muslims and the Muslims feared Hindu rule

76. Independence & Partition
In 1947, the Indian subcontinent won its independence from Great Britain, creating the world’s largest democracy with over one billion people.
However, Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah argued that Muslims should have their own state.

77. independence & Partition
In 1947 India was divided into 2 nations:
Land with a Hindu majority became India
Land with a Muslim majority became Pakistan in the west
Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) became independent the following year.

81. Problem???
The border between the two states was drawn hastily, using outdated census reports and maps.
At the epicenter of the Indian-Pakistan conflict is the Jammu-Kashmir state, which, in 1947, had a predominantly Muslim population but was officially signed over to India
Three wars have been fought over this region.

82. Jammu-Kashmir

83. Arbitrary borders divided states – Punjab was divided between Pakistan & India

84. Great Migration
Due to this Hindu-Muslim split, a Great Migration occurred where Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India left their homes in an attempt to go where they felt accepted.
9 million Hindus left Pakistan and 6 million Muslims left India.
Unfortunately, this led to horrendous violence and riots that killed millions of people.

89. Independent India Jawaharal Nehru was India’s first Prime Minister.
Introduced a Western-style, secular government based on universal suffrage, religious freedom, social equality and abolition of the caste system.
Indian economy successfully combined government-run industry with private enterprise

90. India & Pakistan Today
Relations between Pakistan and India remain unstable.
Both nations want to control the Jammu and Kashmir regions near the Pakistan-India border.
Tensions continued to increase after both India and Pakistan tested nuclear weapons in 1998.

91. BRIC Countries
A grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China: BRIC
All deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development
Symbol of the shift in global economic power away from the developed G7
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, USA, & Canada

92. BRIC Countries
It is estimated that BRIC economies will overtake G7 economies by 2027
They account for more than a quarter of the world's land area and more than 40% of the world's population

93. Ten Largest Economies…
The ten largest economies in the world in 2050, measured in GDP (billions USD), according to Goldman Sachs

94. Brazil Russia India China USA
Categories
Brazil
Russia
India
China
USA
Area 5 1 7 3 4
Population 9 2
Population Growth
107
221 90
156
118
Labor Force
GDP Growth Rate
115 87 13 6
159
Human Development Index* 73 65
119 89
Exports 22 19
Imports 20 17 10
External Debt 25 27 18
Electricity Consumption
Mobile Phones
Internet Users
All statistics taken from the CIA World Fact Book!
*The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, standards of living, and quality of life for countries worldwide. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an underdeveloped country.

95. India’s Economy
From , India’s economy was a mix of socialism and capitalism
Relied heavily on government intervention in the economy
Relied on replacing foreign imports with domestic production
Result: shortages and inefficiency and corruption within government
1991-present: free-market economy with a focus on international trade

96. India’s GDP