1. Chapter Two: Psychoanalytic, Brief Analytic, Object Relations, and Interpersonal Approaches

2. Biographical Information: Sigmund Freud
Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia, in 1856.
His intellectual potential was obvious from early on and Freud felt like a favored child.
He obtained his medical degree from the University of Vienna with the goal of being a research scientist
He went into private practice because of financial needs.
He initially used hypnosis, but later became more enamored with the “talking cure.”

3. Historical Context The Seduction Hypothesis
Recanting the Seduction Hypothesis

4. Psychoanalytic Theoretical Principles
The Dynamic Approach
The Topographic Approach
The Developmental Stage Approach
The Structural approach
Psychopathology and Human Change
Freud’s Theory in Action: Implications for Psychotherapy

5. Evolution and Development in Psychoanalytic Theory and Practice
Anna and the Ego
Psychoanalytic Ego Psychology
Object Relations
Self Psychology
Continuing Theoretical Developments
Karen Horney versus Freudian Orthodoxy: The Battle of the Sexes

6. Evolution and Development (continued)
Practical Modifications: Short-Term and Time-Limited Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Selection Criteria for Brief Analytic Psychotherapy
The Intersubjectivity, Two-Person Psychology, or Relational Psychoanalytic Movement

7. The Practice of Psychoanalytic Therapy
Psychoanalytic Principles and Therapy Methods
The Basic Rule
Maintaining a Safe Container
Interpretation
Transference
Countertransference
Triangles of Insight
Dream Interpretation

8. The Practice of Psychoanalytic Therapy (continued)
Preparing Yourself to Do Psychoanalytically Informed Therapy
Preparing Your Client to Engage in Psychoanalytically Informed Therapy
Assessment Issues and Procedures

9. Extended Case Examples
Initial analysis of resistance
Analysis leading to transference material
Exploration and interpretation of transference
Additional techniques

10. Therapy Outcomes Research
Research is limited
Existing research is mostly positive
Some specific treatment approaches (such as IPT) show promise

11. Boxes Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression
Why I Am a Psychoanalyst

12. Concluding Comments Freud was an incredibly productive individual
He probably had many psychological issues of his own that fueled his productivity, including oedipal or phallic issues
He remained bitter toward Janet until the very end

13. Student Review Assignments
Critical corner
Reviewing key terms
Review questions

14. Critical Corner
Traditional psychoanalysis is based on the interpretation of unconscious conflicts and unconscious maladaptive relationship patterns. This approach is inherently defective because it relies on another completely fallible human being with his own unconscious conflicts and problems to make accurate interpretations. Comment on how this approach can ever have any legitimacy. Does the contemporary psychoanalytic “two-person psychology” model offer any improvement in this regard?

15. Critical Corner (continued)
Presently, many would agree that psychoanalytic theory is an overly intellectual and impractical approach to helping clients. As Gedo has suggested, it has become a piecemeal patchwork of different theories and approaches. Isn’t it time to throw out Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and to begin again with a more practical, contemporary approach? Isn’t that why interpersonal psychotherapy of depression is gaining popularity?

16. Critical Corner (continued)
Some critics might argue that psychoanalytic drive theory and even more contemporary object relations and self psychology reformulations of psychoanalytic theory are blatantly sexist. Consider Karen Horney’s criticisms. What do you think of the possibility of men having pregnancy, childbirth, breast, and motherhood envy? How would acknowledgement of these important social and cultural influences affect traditional psychoanalytic theory?

17. Critical Corner (continued)
Traditional psychoanalytic forms of therapy have “making the unconscious conscious” or “insight” as their primary therapy goal. Some critics claim there is no scientific evidence of the unconscious. Where do you stand on this issue? Are there unconscious processes that affect interpersonal relationships?

18. Critical Corner (continued)
After over 100 years of psychoanalysis, there is still little or no hard scientific evidence attesting to its efficacy. How can an approach to therapy rationalize its existence without any scientific data to support its practice?

19. Critical Corner (continued)
Traditional psychoanalytic theory is strongly deterministic. Similar to behavioral approaches, psychoanalytic therapies minimize client choice and personal responsibility. After all, if behavior is psychologically determined, then is there any possibility of human choice as a method of change? For psychoanalysts, to achieve significant personal change, psychoanalysis is required. What do you think of this criticism?

20. Reviewing Key Terms · The seduction hypothesis · The Oedipal conflict
·        Unconscious
·        Preconscious
·        Conscious
·        Id
·        Ego
·        Superego

21. Key Terms (continued) · Repression · Denial · Projection
·        Reaction Formation
·        Displacement
·        Rationalization
·        Regression
·        Sublimation

22. Key Terms (continued) · Repetition compulsion · Ego psychology
·        Objection relations theory
·        Self psychology
·        Corrective emotional experience
·        Focal psychotherapy
·        Selection criteria
·        The basic rule

23. Key Terms (continued) · Role induction · Transference
·        Countertransference
·        Interpretation
·        Triangles of insight
·        Two-person psychology or intersubjectivity
·        Projective assessment
·        Dream interpretation
·        Interpersonal psychotherapy of depression

24. Review Question
Describe Freud’s seduction hypothesis as outlined in his famous paper “The Aetiology of Hysteria.” According to Anna Freud, why did Freud have to recant the seduction hypothesis ?

25. Review Question
What are the four primary characteristics of ego defense mechanisms?

26. Review Question
Both corrective emotional experience and seeding the transference were suggested as methods for speeding up psychoanalytic therapy. What is the difference between these two concepts or approaches?

27. Review Question
How might the requirement of reporting client information to insurance companies interfere with the basic rule in psychoanalytic therapy?

28. Review Questions
What is a triangle of insight? Draw two triangles, one with a conflict-based triangle of insight and the other with a transference-based triangle of insight.
What are the main differences between one-person and two-person psychology as it applies to psychoanalytic theory and practice?

29. Review Questions
What are the main differences between interpersonal psychotherapy for depression and psychodynamic therapy?