1. 1 Dilemmas of the “societal interest” Normative approaches: societal consensus is based on approved laws, rules and plans + their ethical content and a rights-based approach: – (1) Substantive (human dignity, equal treatment and property rights) and – (2) Procedural (fairness or due process, sound administration and transparency, and public participation) aspects Utilitarianism approaches: – Aggregating individual preferences and the use of a cost-benefit analysis as an example of welfare economics Dialogical approaches: – a result of an interactive process among concerned stakeholders and affected parties

2. 2 Environmental problems as social justice Welfare-related incentives vs. norms and values: – Norms rule what solutions are legitimate – Values influence what resolutions of environmental conflicts are considered just distributive and procedural aspects of environmental justice: – …those whose interests are not endorsed by a particular environmental decision that their interests can count in other decisions ( Paavola 2007 )

3. Public involvement in decision-making, participatory approaches Mediation and negotiation for plan/scheme/strategy development O. Likhacheva, Pskov State University D. Blyshchyk, Odessa State Environmental University Information and Communication for Natural Resource management Pilot course Federal Siberian University, 16-22 February 2014

4. Agroforestry in Haiti (1990s) (1) 33% of all land slopes more than 20 % 1/3 of the country lies above 400 m 20% of land is considered arable, 50% is under agricultural production Forested land dropped from 30% (1940) to 10% (1970) and 1,2-2% (currently)

5. Agroforestry in Haiti (1990s) (2) not-inclusiveness of people affected in the planning process Ignoring of traditional knowledge and conservation technologies

6. Reconstruction of dendropark (2013)

7. Natural resource management problems complex, uncertain, multi-scale, affect multiple actors affect multiple agencies Demand for decision-making transparent, flexible to changing circumstances, that embraces a diversity of knowledge and values

8. What does “public participation” mean? Participation is a process that facilitates dialogue among all actors, mobilizes and validates popular knowledge and skills, supports communities and their institutions to manage and control resources, and seeks to achieve sustainability, economic equity and social justice while maintaining cultural integrity (Renard, Krishnarayan, 2000) Public participation is an “…active involvement of people in making decisions (about the implementation of processes, programmes and projects, etc.) which affect them” (Slocum, Thomas-Slatyer, 1995)

9. 1950s recognition that the project will fail or reduce success if all the stakeholders do not participate effectively. recognition the need for empowerment of communities so they may participate in decisions which affect them: – All the stakeholders have a right to be involved. belief that ordinary people are capable of critical reflection and analysis and their knowledge is relevant and necessary.

10. Arnstein (1969): – Citizen Power: Citizen Control, Delegated Power, Partnership – Tokenism: Placation, Consultation, Informing. – Non-participation: Therapy, Manipulation. Participatory typology Distinguishing between the degree to which stakeholders are engaged Lawrence (2006) “transformative” participation

11. NGO, COSECHA, project sustainability monitoring (in Guatemala and Honduras)

12. Wheel of participation (Davidson, 1998)

13. Public participation spectrum INFORMCONSULTINVOLVECOLLABORATEEMPOWER Participation goal To provide the public with balanced and objective information to assist them in understanding the problems, alternatives, opportunities and/or solutions To obtain public feedback on analysis, alternatives and/or decisions To work directly with the public throughout the process to ensure that public concerns and aspirations are consistently understood and considered To partner with the public in each aspect of the decision including the development of alternatives and the identification of the preferred solution To place final decision making in the hands of the public Promise to the public We will keep you informed We will keep you informed, listen to and acknowledge concerns and aspirations, provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision We will work with you to ensure that your concerns and aspirations are directly reflected in the alternatives developed and provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision We will look to you for direct advice and Innovation in formulating solutions and incorporate your advice and recommendations into the decisions to the maximum extent possible We will implement what you decide

14. Reasons for participation The opportunity to make better decisions Better public acceptance of and compliance with the decisions made / creation of social support among stakeholders Social justice / increase legitimacy In addition: – community engagement enables the public to go beyond participation in a decision to be made by government (increase of participation is a powerful catalyst towards achieving other objectives), to become motivated to support a new perspective or issue and take action themselves

15. Stakeholder analysis: description of groups Sectors (public, private, representing sector of economy) Functions (administrator, researcher, local resident, land owner Level of actions (national, local, etc.) Geography (living in the area, living in the indirectly affected area, not from the area) Socio-economic profile (income, age, gender) Level of interest/effect (directly affected, indirectly affected) Experience of the topic Known or likely position (supporting, opposing, in conflict with other groups, etc.)

16. Components necessary for effective public participation (1) Process issues Recognition the importance of participation, Be inclusive Valuing the public Balance out differences in power Trust among stakeholders Flexibility and learning by doing Continuity of resources and efforts Identifying benefits

17. Components necessary for effective public participation (2) Structural issues Access to trusted data Timelines Planning for outreach and education Knowledge exchange and capacity building Attracting the right participants Dealing with personality The limits of stakeholder representation The drawbacks of consensus

18. Thank You for attention!!!