1. Topic 3.2: Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins

2. Assessment Statements
3.2.1: Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds
3.2.2: Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure
3.2.3: List three examples each monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
3.2.4: State one function of glucose, lactose, and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose, and cellulose in plants
3.2.5: Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides
3.2.6: State three functions of lipids
3.2.7: Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage

3. Introduction to carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Molecule
Subcomponents
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Lipids
Glycerol and fatty acids
Protein (polypeptides)
Amino acids
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides

4. Common biochemical's and their structure
Molecules can be classified as being either inorganic or organic
All organic molecules contain the element carbon, although not all carbon-containing molecules are organic
CO2

5. Common biochemical's and their structure
Category
Subcategory
Example molecules
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Glucose, galactose, fructose
Disaccharides
Maltose, lactose, sucrose
Polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Protein
Enzymes, antibodies
Lipids
Triglycerides, phospholipids
Nucleic acids
DNA, RNA

6. Molecule
Structure
Amino Acids
Glucose
Ribose

7. Molecule
Structure
Fatty Acids

8. Functions of carbohydrates in animals and plants
Carbohydrates exist in different sizes
Monosaccharides
Dissaccharides
Polysacchrides

9. Functions of carbohydrates in animals and plants
All of these carbohydrates serve many functions in living organisms
Animals:
Name
Type
One Function
Glucose
Monosaccharide
Chemical fuel for cell respiration
Lactose
Disaccharide
Makes up some of the solutes in milk
Glycogen
Polysaccharides
Stores glucose in liver and muscles

10. Functions of carbohydrates in animals and plants
Name
Type
One Function
Fructose
Monosaccharide
Found in many fruits (makes them sweet)
Sucrose
Disaccharide
Often transported from leaves of plants to other locations in plants by vascular tissue
Cellulose
Polysaccharide
One of the primary components of plant cell walls

11. Role of Lipids
Lipids are biochemically important molecules that serve many functions.
Triglyceride lipids
Solid form as fats
Liquid form as oils
If you eat more food than you burn, your body will store much of the excess as fat in adipose cells
Adipose cells get smaller or larger depending on how much lipids is being stored

12. Role of Lipids Lipids are very efficient molecules for storing energy
Glycogen is a carbohydrate used by animals to store energy
Starch is a carbohydrates used by plants to store energy
Equal mass of carbohydrates and lipids, the lipid stores approximately twice as much chemical energy as the carbohydrates

13. Role of Lipids Lipids are also important for thermal insulation
Blubber!!!

14. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
A condensation reaction is responsible for building large molecules.  An enzyme catalyzes the reaction between alcohol groups on adjacent monomer units (eg. glucose).  This results in the production of a polymer and a molecule of water.
A-H + B-OH   -->  A-B   +  H2O

15. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
A hydrolysis reaction is responsible for breaking down large molecules (eg. digestion).  An enzyme weakens the bond between two parts of a polymer, allowing for the insertion of a water molecule into the bond.  This results in the production of monomers.
A-B   +  H2O  -->  A-H + B-OH

16. Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
Digesting Food
Food are chemically digested in your alimentary canal
Digestive enzymes that accomplish this are hydrolysing enzymes
Each reaction requires a molecule of water as a reactant