1. Life in the Ocean. Bloomin’ Plankton! Geosc040, Lecture 13 Feb 25, 2014 THON 2014 Thanks to ALL OF YOU WHO THON! Island In The Sun Shwayze & Cisco Thanks to Rich S. Seaside, The Kooks

2. THON 2014 Read Chapters 7, 16 and 12 Homework 2 due tonight On-Line Assignment 7 due Mar. 4 Mid-term Exam, in class Mar. 6

3. You have 2 attempts with limited review. You will see if your answers were correct, and you will have the opportunity for further study and review before completing the second attempt. Your grade will be the best score of the two attempts This assessment is worth 50 points Maximum number of attempts: 2 Time limit: Unlimited minutes

5. http://www3.geosc.psu.edu/geosc040/40.lecture_files/Lec.Notes.html#current_day Homework 2 due tonight On-Line Assignment 7 due Mar. 4 Mid-term Exam, in class Mar. 6

6. Life in the Ocean There’s No Such Thing as a Free Lunch! Fig. 12.9 Zones, where do things live.. Classification by light vs. location Nearshore vs. Open Ocean What Resources for the Biota? What provides the basis for “food chains” in the marine realm? (answer: photosynthesis!!)

7. Phytoplankton in Marine Food Webs

8. Marine Phytoplankton Biomass Production is highest where most nutrients are supplied. Think about the conditions that promote ample supply of nutrients. What are ‘nutrients’? What factors influence “primary production”?

9. Phytoplankton: 3 Major Groups Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) About 100 µm across Diatoms --opal (SiO 2 ) Coccolithophorids, calcite (CaCO 3 ) Dinoflagellates, organic-walled,

10. It’s a bloom!!! Think about the conditions that promote ample supply of nutrients. Marine Phytoplankton Biomass

11. The Energy Cycle Note that photosynthesis (and formation of plant organic matter) requires sunlight and nutrients Organic matter is consumed by animals and plants (respiration), supporting their growth Nutrients must be “recycled” (excreted by animals, “regenerated” by bacteria) to be reused by plants Photosynthesis Consumers nutrients

12. Phytoplankton, the base of the food chain (also called “autotrophs”) 1. consume carbon dioxide, produce oxygen 2. convert energy to food to support entire ocean ecosystem 3. Phytoplankton do this in the epipelagic zone: 0-200m (3% ocean volume) 4. only a small amount of carbon produced (< 1%) escapes consumption and is buried in sediments The Energy Cycle

13. Marine Phytoplankton Biomass Production is highest where most nutrients are supplied What conditions promote ample supply of nutrients? What other factors influence “primary production”?

14. Ingredients for Photosynthesis L ight Nutrients Carbon Dioxide Water In the ocean, light and/or nutrients are almost always the limiting factor. Let’s examine light and nutrients as factors

15. Tokyo Fish Market; Every Morning, 365 days a year Empty Oceans, Empty Nets

16. Sustainable Fisheries? Infinite ocean… X

17. Health of Global Marine fisheries a)Overfishing has been a problem since the time of the Romans b)Technical advances such as refrigeration and large floating ‘fish factories’ are one of the factors that have led to overfishing c)a and b d)None of the above

18. Health of Global Marine fisheries a)In 1976 the US joined other nations and forbid foreign vessels from fishing within 200 miles of our coastline b)Sonar is used by large scale fishing fleets to locate schools of fish. c)The New England Cod Fishery had a near total collapse in the 1970’s and early 1980s d)All of the above e)None of the above

19. Which of the following is/are true? A.Declining fish production is unlikely to have a major impact on the global economy B.World fish production has increased steadily for the past 50 years and advances in large-scale fishing techniques will likely allow fish catch to increase for another 50 years C.In the World ocean, large fish are present in the same numbers today as they were 50 years ago D.None of the above

20. Which of the following is/are true? A.Aquaculture represents a substantial and growing part of world fish production B.World fish production has increased steadily for the past 50 years and advances in large-scale fishing techniques will likely allow fish catch to increase for another 50 years C.In the World ocean, large fish are present in the same numbers today as they were 50 years ago D.None of the above

21. Which of the following are true: A.One possible solution to overfishing is to assign Fishing Rights and Trade them Like Pollution Credits B.Fishing rights are already being used for Pacific Halibut and Striped Bass C.New Zealand has a system of Fishing Rights in Place D.Fisherman in several coastal regions of Spain have developed a system of fishing rights on their own E.All of the above

22. Which factors promote phytoplankton growth and blooms A.Light and upwelling of deepwater B.Nutrients such as Nitrogen and Phosphorous C.A strong, well-developed thermocline D.a and b E.b and c