1. Sustainability, Infrastructure and Communities - Focus on Opportunities -
Arpad Horvath
Associate Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of California, Berkeley
February 14, 2007

2. Outline of Presentation
Where is sustainability research today?
Sustainability research at UC Berkeley
Players, networks, timing, trends
Joint opportunities
Involvement of industry

3. The Grand Vision: Sustainable Development
Definition: Meeting the needs of the current generation without sacrificing the ability of the future generations to meet their needs. (Brundtland Commission, 1987)
Maintain societal progress while improving environmental quality and quality of life
Environmental goals
reduce non-renewable resource use
manage renewable resource use for sustainability
reduce toxic substance emissions (heavy metals, solvents,)
reduce greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substance emissions
Educate the stakeholders
Do good by doing well
profit = revenue - cost

4. The Triple Bottom Line of Sustainability
Environment
Economy
Social issues

5. Courtesy: B. Boughton, DTSC
We have the p2 program here. mostly operates in the manuf and repair/maintenance phases. Some in the disposal phase, but limited thinking involved. Leads to process or site specific improvements
Bulk of DTSC work is in the disposal phase- mostly compliance oriented. Opportunity to move beyond the traditional compliance realm of DTSC
What about the longer term – product lifetime and beyond to sustainability concepts
LCA is a tool to evaluate all aspects of the whole life cycle. A systems tool for moving to the industrial ecology realm and to provide metrics for sustainability. Helps to look at intelligent design and eliminating waste.
Helps to look at industrial metabolism.
Opportunity for dtsc is to move from a compliance role to a product stewardship role
Courtesy: B. Boughton, DTSC

6. Urban Communities of the Third Millennium
Sustainable
Livable
Engaging
Transit oriented
Wired
Renewable
ENR, March 12, 2001, Cover Story

7. Characterizing Sustainability Research
~ 30 years of publications and projects
1st phase: “we have a global problem”
Mostly descriptive, qualitative
Stated problem, categories of effects (e.g., air emissions), but few numbers
2nd phase: “let’s analyze/blame someone” – low hanging fruit
Industries: automobile, chemical, petroleum, electric power, cement
Advent of industrial ecology, life-cycle assessment (LCA)
Mostly incomplete assessments (e.g., not all life cycle phases, inventory but no impact assessment)
Initial savings by companies
3rd phase: more specific assessments
Data collection for specific studies
Services and network analysis, not just manufacturing processes and products
Supply-chain informed LCA
Advances in impact assessment

8. Observations about Sustainability Research
1. Need to incorporate triple bottom line: environment, economy, equity
- need a unified theory and implementation to link them
2. Sustainability solutions are integrated solutions - Need to learn from successful businesses
3. Need to assess a broad range of environmental effects – sustainability is not just about energy!
4. Need international networks for research and projects
5. Need quantitative studies
6. Need to analyze services, not just products and processes

9. Integrated Facilities Engineering Companies in the U.S.
Bechtel

10. Percentage of Waste Recycled in the U.S., Late 1990s%
100 80 60 40 20
Lead
Asphalt
Steel
Aluminum Cans
Concrete Rebars
Paper
Plastic Bottles
Copper

11. LCA Framework
Source: U.S. EPA
A concept and methodology to evaluate the environmental effects of a product or activity holistically, by analyzing the whole life cycle of a particular product, process, or activity (U.S. EPA, 1993).

12. LCA Methodology – ISO 14040 LCA – Life-Cycle Assessment
Inventory
analysis
Direct applications:
* Product development
* Product/process improvement
* Strategic planning
* Policy making
* Marketing
* Other
Goal and
scope
definition
Impact
assessment
Interpretation

13. C. Reich-Weiser, UCB Figure 1: Life Cycle of a Computer
Stage 1: Materials Extraction
Stage 2: Materials Processing
Stage 3: Component Manufacturing
Stage 4: Assembly
Stages 5 & 6: Use and Disposal
Coal Mining
Coal burning in power plant
Electricity*
Ore Mining
Chromium
Keyboard
Stainless Steel
Extrusion
Chemical Reduction
Iron Ore Mining
Iron
Plastics
Injection Molding
Monitor
Oil Drilling
Petrochemicals production
Bauxite Ore Mining or recycled aluminum collection
Electrolysis
Aluminum
Rolling and Shot Peening
Housing
Hard Drive
Copper Ore Mining
Copper
Wire drawing
Cooling Fan
Computer
Screws
Video Card
Casserite Mining
Separation
Cobalt
Wires
Motherboard
Silicon
Purification and polishing
Quartz Mining
Refinement
Glass
*This flowchart disregards all the forms of energy required for each stage of the supply chain (transportation fuel, electricity, etc)
Figure 1: Life Cycle of a Computer
C. Reich-Weiser, UCB

14. “The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip”
Williams, E. (2002) “The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip: Energy and Material Use in the Production of Semiconductor Devices.” ES&T, 36:

15. Buildings and the Environment
Buildings integral part of infrastructure systems (or “civil systems”), and the boundaries between these terms are fuzzy
The built environment has a large impact on the natural environment, economy, health, and productivity
Buildings account for 17% of world’s fresh water withdrawals, 25% of world’s wood harvest, and 40% of world’s materials and energy flows

16. U.S. Buildings and the Environment
The construction industry accounts for ~8% of U.S. GDP
Similar in industrialized countries, even bigger economic share in industrializing countries
U.S. construction industry larger than the GDP of 212 national economies (CA’s: 150 economies)
54% of U.S. energy consumption is directly or indirectly related to buildings and their construction
In the U.S., buildings account for
65% of electricity consumption
30% of GHG emissions
30% of raw material use
30% of waste output (136 M tons annually)
12% of potable water consumption

17. Categories of Natural Resources
Energy
Raw materials
Land/Habitat
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Biodiversity
etc.

18. Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Terrestrial and marine ecosystems greatly endangered
Loss of forest, oil spills, overfishing, etc.
Current rate of extinction is several orders of magnitude greater than the natural background
In the U.S.:
over 500 known species are now extinct
1,200 species listed as endangered

19. Consortium on Green Design and Manufacturing
Multidisciplinary campus group integrating engineering, policy, public health, and business in green engineering, management, and pollution prevention 
Strategic areas:
Civil infrastructure systems
Electronics industry
Servicizing products
9 faculty from Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Haas School of Business, Energy and Resources Group, School of Public Health
10 current Ph.D. students
28 alumni
Since 1993

20. Green Engineering and Management Research Network at UC Berkeley
Consortium on Green Design and Manufacturing (CGDM)
Network for Energy and Environmentally Efficient Economy (N4E)
Center for Future Urban Transport, A Volvo Center of Excellence
Urban Sustainability Initiative (USI)
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory (RAEL)
Project Production Systems Laboratory (P2SL)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI)

21. Green Engineering & Management: Some Recent Research Projects (1999-2006)
Infrastructure:
Buildings
Pavements
Electricity generation
Water treatment
Used oil
Shredder residue
Freight transportation
Electronics industry:
Computer plastics recycling
Services:
Telework/telecommuting
News delivery using wireless and wired telecommunications
Teleconferencing versus business travel

22. Green Engineering & Management: Selection of Current Research Projects
Infrastructure:
Passenger transportation modes
Green logistics
Building life cycle and indoor air quality
Data centers
Services:
Digital media through wired and wireless telecommunications

23. Urban Sustainability Initiative
Joint effort of UC Berkeley, the U.S. National Academies, and non-governmental organizations (Urban Age, Healthy Communities Network)
Goal: combine cutting edge research and development with innovative capacity building programs and a global information & exchange network to foster the spread of effective urban sustainability practices and technologies in growing cities throughout the developing world.
Facilitate linkages between project partners, local scientific communities, civil society, the private sector and the official leadership of rapidly growing cities;
Accelerate the application of existing technologies and practices, and the development and demonstration of new technologies and practices that improve the environment;
Creating an extensive urban sustainability information network to share technologies and best practices for the benefit of cities around the world.
Create “living laboratories” in cities in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, and to test new approaches of environmentally sustainable urban development.

24. UCB Preliminary Inventory 2005
Required and Optional Reporting to California Climate Action Registry
48325 average daily population
6.4 metric tons/person
Source: Fahmida Ahmed, CalCAP

25. UCB Preliminary Inventory 2005
Additional Optional Reporting
12 metric tons/person

26. Trends

27. “Carbon Performance”
Each of these campuses looks at emissions sources comparable to the “required and selected optional reporting” package.
Source: Fahmida Ahmed, CalCAP

28. “Engineering for Sustainability and Environmental Management” Certificate Program

29. Players, Networks in the U.S.
Universities
Carnegie Mellon, Michigan, Arizona State, Texas, Washington
Research labs (e.g., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)
The leaders are ICT companies
LEED as a green scoring system

30. Exciting Times in the U.S….
AB 32, Global Warming Solutions Act, by 2020, return GHG emissions to 1990 levels (and boost annual GSP by $60B and create 17,000 jobs)
UC Berkeley’s $500M Energy Biosciences Institute (BP-funded)
U.S. considering GHG reduction legislation and industrial action
The Economist, 4/29/04

31. Greening Building Practices in China
Tasks:
Assess the current construction practices of commercial buildings and high-rise residential buildings in China.
Recommend environmentally less burdensome building materials and processes.
Short term: Focus on major materials (e.g., concrete, steel, aluminum, flooring, with special focus on cement) and processes (e.g., construction equipment, temporary materials).
Later: evaluate the engineering, economic and environmental feasibility of using waste materials and byproducts (such as fly ash, demolition material, waste tires) in construction.

32. Indoor Air Quality in China
Task:
Assess the effect of the indoor environments on building occupants.
What are the indoor air quality (IAQ) implications of using common building (e.g., carpet and paint) and maintenance materials (e.g., cleaners)?
What are the IAQ implications from the introduction of pollution from outdoor air? China has severely polluted urban air and might consider IAQ control by means of filtering supply air in addition to controlling indoor emission sources.

33. Opportunities to Use Innovations in Practice
Need to get all the stakeholders networking and integrating (clients want intergated, packaged services, want to deal with one company)
Need to get problem focused
problems are global
GHG and other environmental studies of U.S., Chinese, Indian, etc. companies, industries, government entities
ICT industry: Data centers study, construction, operation
Biofuels
Lean and green

34. Connecting Green and Lean: Project Production Systems Laboratory
Develop new project management theory based on understanding of production systems (esp. Toyota Production System)
Reform project management practice
Purposes
Design
Criteria
Concepts
Process
Product
Detailed
Engineering
Fabrication
& Logistics
Installation
Commissioning
Operations &
Maintenance
Alteration &
Decommissioning
Project Definition
Lean Design
Lean Supply
Lean Assembly
Use
Production Control
Work Structuring
Learning
Loops
Take a holistic view on project delivery – cradle to grave.
Understand the value different stakeholders can bring but recognize that the current system is working far from optimal.
Lean ideal it to
Deliver what the customers want (= PROVIDE VALUE)
In no time (= INSTANTANEOUSLY)
With nothing in stores (= NO INVENTORY)
This is in an ideal, will never be reached, but something to strive for through continuous improvement.

35. Opportunities in Research and Development
Location: U.S., Europe, China
Transformational, interdisciplinary research and development
Modeling of infrastructure
Sustainability metrics
E.g., green building scoring system for the EU
LCA model for Finland, Nordic countries, EU
Data centers
Computer-based decision-support tools
Education
Joint educational initiatives in, e.g., China

36. Opportunities for Industrial Involvement
GHG developments in California, U.S., China, India
Scientific and management knowledge transfer, consulting
service industries, and their supply chains have a tremendous opportunity to present a unified product (e.g., Bechtel, Xerox, Kodak)
ICT industries
Biofuels
Data centers
ICT products/services helping urban communities (e.g., telework, mobile work)
Green does not have to be synonimous with cheap
Green can bring competitive advantages

38. Industrial Ecology
“The (deliberate and rational) concept requires that an industrial system be viewed not in isolation from its surrounding systems, but in concert with them.
It is a systems view in which one seeks to optimize the total materials cycle from virgin material, to finished material, to component, to product, to obsolete product, to ultimate disposal.
Factors to be optimized include resources, energy, and capital.” – Graedel and Allenby

39. Future Work
Continued adaptation of the latest environmental science and management methods and results
hybrid LCA
Need to assess indirect as well as direct environmental effects, and reveal the supply chain implications
Takeback, recycling regulations
Revisit past research questions, and redo some analyses
Quantify the benefits on society
Focus on impact assessment, not just on inventory
Embrace analysis of social effects

40. Future Plans
Campus research center in “Technology and Sustainability.”
Formalize “Technology and Sustainability” certificate program.
Accelerate research on green and lean project delivery.
Develop green modules for engineering courses.
Involve more faculty in teaching and research.

41. Buildings and the Environment
Buildings integral part of infrastructure systems (or “civil systems”), and the boundaries between these terms are fuzzy
The built environment has a large impact on the natural environment, economy, health, and productivity
Buildings account for 17% of world’s fresh water withdrawals, 25% of world’s wood harvest, and 40% of world’s materials and energy flows

42. U.S. Buildings and the Environment
The construction industry accounts for ~8% of U.S. GDP
Similar in industrialized countries, even bigger economic share in industrializing countries
U.S. construction industry larger than the GDP of 212 national economies (CA’s: 150 economies)
54% of U.S. energy consumption is directly or indirectly related to buildings and their construction
In the U.S., buildings account for
65% of electricity consumption
30% of GHG emissions
30% of raw material use
30% of waste output (136 M tons annually)
12% of potable water consumption

43. Composition of the U.S. GDP (2002)
Economic sector
Percent of GDP
Cumulative Percent
Services
20.4
Finance, insurance, real estate
19.4
39.8
Retail trade
8.8
48.6
Wholesale trade
6.9
55.5
Government
12.7
68.2
Communications
2.6
70.8
Transportation
3.2
74.0
Construction
4.1
78.1
Electric, gas, sanitary services
80.7
Manufacturing
17.0
97.7
Mining
1.5
99.2
Agriculture, forestry, fishing
1.6
~100
U.S. Department of Commerce,
The Economist, May 8, 2003

44. Cities of the Third Millennium
Sustainable
Livable
Engaging
Transit oriented
Wired
Renewable
ENR, March 12, 2001, Cover Story

45. Characteristics of Civil Systems
Products and processes
Manufacturing and service
Long service lifetimes
Slower obsolescence (?) compared to industrial products
Large, complicated, in the public eye
Considered “underfunded”, “in bad shape” (ASCE Report Card 1998, 2001, 2005)
Decisions have significant economic, environmental and social consequences

46. Current Issues - General
Visual and physical impacts of infrastructure
Reduction of materials use
End-of-life options: landfilling, reuse, recycling
Environmental discharges (to air, water, land and underground wells) in all phases of construction
Hazardous and non-hazardous waste generation and disposal
Environmental efficiency of construction equipment
Energy implications of construction
etc.

47. Current Issues - Specific
Toxic chemical emissions
Conventional pollutant emissions
Greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting chemicals use and emissions
Embedded energy in construction materials
Energy consumption by construction machines
Nonrenewable and renewable resource use
Reuse and recycling of construction materials
Solid and nonsolid waste implications
etc.

48. Existing Solutions Rating tools EIA LCA
So what’s currently being done in order to evaluate and minimize the impacts of buildings?
There are 3 main classes of tools used for this purpose….
Rating tools consist in certification schemes that give credits for specific “green features” that are included in the building
EIA are a more generic tool, used for many other kinds of projects (actually rarely used for a single building) which perform their analysis in a local context. They include public participation and discussion of a final report: Env. Impact Statement which put very simply highlights the problems with a specific project and sets up minimization and monitoring measures.
And finally we have LCA tools. As I will explain in more detail later in the presentation, simply put these tools perform an inventory of inputs and outputs and then they assess the overall environmental impact. This is the class of tools that interests me the most for this research.

49. How Much Material Do We Use?
A total of 2.8 billion metric tons of different materials used in the U.S. in 1995 (USGS)
~3.5 billion metric tons in 2000
81% by volume were construction materials, mostly stone, and sand and gravel

50. Use of Construction Mineral and Material Commodities in the U.S. [ton]
cement
crushed stone
dimension
stone
coal
combustion
products
iron and
steel slag
construction
sand and
gravel
1950
40,891,000
228,000,000
1,890,000
22,600,000
321,000,000
1960
55,526,000
557,000,000
2,250,000
26,100,000
628,000,000
1970
67,476,000
788,000,000
1,830,000
4,630,000
30,600,000
830,000,000
1980
70,173,000
893,000,000
11,300,000
22,900,000
692,000,000
1990
80,964,000
1,110,000,000
3,680,000
19,300,000
22,100,000
831,000,000
2000
110,470,000
1,569,000,000
5,850,000
28,600,000
17,500,000
1,120,000,000
Ewell ME (2001), Mining and quarrying trends. Minerals Yearbook, Vol I–Metals and Minerals. U.S. Geological Survey

51. Current Design Method
Current building design decisions are made based on:
Safety
Functionality
Cost
Environmental issues are often only addressed qualitatively or simplistically (e.g., using recycled-content flooring or lead-free paint)
Goal is to meet the user’s needs with a factor of safety at the lowest economic cost possible

52. Objectives of Horvath’s Research Group
Material and energy resource consumption
Environmental impacts of onsite construction processes
Overall life-cycle impacts of construction
Decision support tool for the building industry

53. Generic Impact Category
Our Comprehensive Framework
Construction
Design
Operation
Maintenance
End-of-life
Air Emissions
Water Emissions
Waste Emissions
Water
Materials
Energy
Labor
Equipment
Finance
Direct Impacts
Indirect Impacts
Generic Impact Category
Materials Production
To answer this question I developed a generic framework that allows to see that to execute a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts we need to have both breath of analysis (by looking at all the life-cycle phases) and depth of analysis (by looking at all the supply chain). Or in other words we need simultaneously to be concerned with scope and detail.

54. Generic Impact Category (Literature on Buildings)
Scope and detail of our analysis
Generic Impact Category
Indirect Impacts
Direct Impacts
Exists
Missing
Legend:
(Guggemos, 2003)
(Literature on Buildings)
Construction
Design
Operation
Maintenance
End-of-life
Materials Production
Detail
Scope
If the framework I presented before shows what needs to be done, this slide shows what was already done by other authors in the LCA area. Particularly by Angela….
This slide also shows that we are still missing a very significant portion of the picture in the way we currently conduct impact assessment. As a consequence (next slide)

55. Our Research

56. European – U.S. Office Building Comparison
Located in Southern Finland / Midwest U.S.
Typical 4-story / 5-story building; 4,400 m2 area;
17,300 m3 / 16,400 m3 volume
Structural frame:
pre-fabricated concrete elements, sandwich-panels
steel-reinforced concrete beam-column system, shear walls at core
Exterior envelope: brick veneer on concrete / aluminum curtain wall
Interior finishes: typical commercial office space
Construction materials: 1,190 kg/m2 / 1,290 kg/m2
Maintenance materials: 240 kg/m2 / 70 kg/m2
Heat: 36 kWh/m3/yr (~average) / Natural gas: 17.5 m3/m2/yr
Electricity: 70 kWh/m2/yr (30% below average) / kWh/m2/yr
54 different building elements consisting of 23 different building materials
Service life: 50 years

57. EU Case Study
Results
What are the cause of the highest contributors

58. U.S. Case Study Results

59. Comparison of Contribution of Life-cycle Phases
Finland
U.S.

60. DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Finland
U.S.
Data Quality* Table
Acquisition method
Independence of data supplier
Representa-tiveness
Data Age
Geographical correlation
Technological correlation
Building materials 1 2
Construction 3
Use
Maintenance
End-of-life

61. U.S. Case Study Results Use phase dominates all categories except PM10
Materials and maintenance phases each have a proportion of 22% or more in a single emission category
Construction and end-of-life phases have relatively insignificant impacts overall

62. U.S. Case Study Data Quality
Data Quality* Table
Acquisition method
Independence of data supplier
Representa-tiveness
Data Age
Geographical correlation
Technological correlation
Building materials 1 2
Construction 3
Use
Maintenance
End-of-life
*Maximum quality = 1
*Minimum quality = 5

63. U.S. Case Study Results

64. Case Study: Steel v. Concrete Frame Buildings
47,360 ft2, five-story building
located in Minnesota
50 year use phase
aluminum-framed, glass panel curtain wall
built-up roofing
interior finishes include painted partition walls, acoustical drop ceilings, and carpet or ceramic tile flooring
mechanical system provides both heating and cooling

65. Steel v. Concrete Frame: Construction Phase (Frame Only) Energy Consumption

66. Steel v. Concrete Frame Building: Whole Building Life-cycle Energy Consumption

67. Source: Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership
Case Study: University of California, Santa Barbara - Bren School of Environmental Science & Management
Source: Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership

68. UCSB Bren School Completed April 2002 for $24 million
7,900 m2 administrative and laboratory space
Combination steel and concrete frame
U.S. Green Building Council LEED Platinum Rating
“Green” changes include recycled content materials, increased HVAC efficiency, building orientation to optimize use of natural lighting and ocean breezes

69. Bren School Life-cycle Assessment
50-year service life assumed
Used 90% construction document cost estimate with quantities and installed costs
material costs determined using R.S. Means guides
Estimated equipment types and duration of use with R.S. Means guides
Transportation of materials and equipment estimated based on material weight and truck capacity
Building use phase electricity and natural gas based on mechanical engineer’s energy analysis
Maintenance based on typical material replacement ages

70. Bren School Life-cycle Assessment

71. Proportions of Bren School Building LCA

72. Bren School Emissions Analysis
Use phase dominates energy, CO2, SO2, and NOX emissions
Materials production dominates CO emissions
PM emissions are similar in the materials and use phases
Overall, construction is a small part of life-cycle environmental impacts, but as use phase becomes more efficient, the materials and construction phases are expected to increase in significance
The end-of-life phase is also small, but more research, more detailed assessment is needed
Maintenance phase emissions are similar in significance to the construction phase

73. Bren School Emissions from Major Phases
Energy CO
NOX
PM10
SO2
CO2
% of Phase
Materials Phase
Steel - structure, pipe
29%
35%
21%
25%
28%
Concrete
15% 8%
19%
Steel - sheet products
14%
17%
10%
12%
13%
Construction Phase
Equipment
65%
60%
89%
62%
57%
66%
Building Use Phase
Electricity
72%
64%
94%
99.98%
83%
Maintenance Phase
Elevator
31%
47%
23%
38%
33%
Paint
11%
20%
16%
18%
Carpet 7%
End-of-Life Phase
73%
56%
92%
78%
90%
71%

74. Connecting Green and Lean: Project Production Systems Laboratory
Develop new project management theory based on understanding of production systems (esp. Toyota Production System)
Reform project management practice
Purposes
Design
Criteria
Concepts
Process
Product
Detailed
Engineering
Fabrication
& Logistics
Installation
Commissioning
Operations &
Maintenance
Alteration &
Decommissioning
Project Definition
Lean Design
Lean Supply
Lean Assembly
Use
Production Control
Work Structuring
Learning
Loops
Take a holistic view on project delivery – cradle to grave.
Understand the value different stakeholders can bring but recognize that the current system is working far from optimal.
Lean ideal it to
Deliver what the customers want (= PROVIDE VALUE)
In no time (= INSTANTANEOUSLY)
With nothing in stores (= NO INVENTORY)
This is in an ideal, will never be reached, but something to strive for through continuous improvement.

75. Conclusions
LCA necessary for better decision-making throughout the life cycle of a building
Control electricity and natural gas use with efficient design
Control materials and maintenance impacts by material choices
LCA should permeate green building scoring systems (e.g., LEED)
We are creating a decision-support tool for total building LCA (BuiLCA)

77. Percentage of Waste Recycled in the U.S., Late 1990s%
100 80 60 40 20
Lead
Asphalt
Steel
Aluminum Cans
Concrete Rebars
Paper
Plastic Bottles
Copper

78. Annual Waste Stream of Different Materials Recycled, Late 1990s

79. Asphalt Pavement Milling Machine

80. Milling Machine

81. Direct and Indirect Energy Use (electricity plus fuels) by the Major Sectors of the U.S. Economy
Rosenblum, J., Horvath, A., and Hendrickson, C. (2000), “Environmental Implications of Service Industries.” Environmental Science & Technology, ACS, 34(22), November 15, pp

82. Direct and Indirect Generation of RCRA Hazardous Wastes by the Major Sectors of the U.S. Economy
Rosenblum, J., Horvath, A., and Hendrickson, C. (2000), “Environmental Implications of Service Industries.” Environmental Science & Technology, ACS, 34(22), November 15, pp

83. Characterizing ICT & Environment Research
One of the first three industries to lead design for environment and pollution prevention research and practice (with automobiles and chemicals)
~12 years of publications
1st phase: “we want to be a clean industry”
Efforts of a rapidly growing industry to establish environmental credibility
Prominence of ICT industries grew parallel to prominence of environmental management
Early adopter of industrial ecology, design for disassembly, green materials selection, life-cycle assessment (LCA)
But largely incomplete assessments (e.g., not all life cycle phases, inventory but no impact assessment)
Mostly energy and toxic emissions related
Initially focused on components, then trying to assess entire systems
2nd phase: more specific assessments, including the supply chain and recyclers
Involving the supply chain, but also the waste management industry/recyclers
Data collection for specific studies
Supply-chain informed LCA
3rd phase: “we bring environmental benefits to society”
Services and network analysis, not just manufacturing processes and products
Internet, telework
Servicizing products
Critical mass still missing in many areas