1. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Track 3: Green Transport Green Logistics Nakul Sathaye Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation Mike Chester UC Berkeley Center for Future Urban Transport Volvo Center for Excellence Workshop July 24, 2006

2. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Outline Green Logistics –Externalities of Freight Transportation –Methodology –Organization of Options Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation –Problem Statement –Methodology –Application

3. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Green Logistics Externalities of Freight Transportation Economic Impacts1.Traffic Congestion 2. Resource waste Ecological Impacts:1. Greenhouse Gases Cause Climate Change 2. The use of non-renewable fossil fuel 3. The effects of waste products such as tires and oil 4. Ecosystem destruction and species extinction Social Impacts:1. Negative public health impacts of pollution 2. Crop destruction 3. Injuries and deaths resulting from traffic accidents 4. Noise 5. Visual intrusion 6. Congestion deterring passenger travel 7. Loss of Greenfield sites and open spaces 8. Deterioration of Buildings/Infrastructure Adapted from UK Roundtable on Sustainable Development (1996)

4. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Green Logistics Freight Emissions in Metropolitan Areas Ang-Olson and Ostria (2005): Assessing the Effects of Freight Movement on Air Quality at the National and Regional Level: Final Report

5. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Green Logistics Modal Considerations Mode split for overall freight transportation by tonnage in the U.S. in 2001 Modal split of freight transport volume in Europe European Environment Agency (2006): Transport and Environment Facing A DIllema Ang-Olson and Ostria (2005): Assessing the Effects of Freight Movement on Air Quality at the National and Regional Level: Final Report

6. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Green Logistics Methodology Logistics Optimization Methods -Facility Location -Routing -Scheduling and Management Assessment of Environmental Externalities Transportation and Environmental Economic Theory Impact Analysis (Case Studies) Air Quality Considerations Logistics Companies Implementation Costs Green Logistics Methods Current Green Logistics Schemes

7. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Green Logistics Organization of Options Nakul Sathaye, Yuwei Li, Arpad Horvath and Samer Madanat (2006): The Environmental Impacts of Logistics Systems and Options for Mitigation Social & Economic Activities Logistic Activities Emissions Negative Impacts Optimize logisticsReduce emissionsReduce exposure Technological and Policy Options

8. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Effect on ExternalitiesApplication TypesOptions/Considerations I. Impact ConsiderationsA. Impact Assessment1. Exposure Metrics B. Policies and Projects1. Diversion based on location 2. Diversion based on timing II. Emissions ReductionA. Industry Practices1. Employee Training 2. Equipment Condition B. Technologies1. Fuel Efficiency 2. Fuel Changes 3. Combustion Improvements 4. Post-Combustion Controls C. Government Policies1. Vehicle Standards 2. Fuel Standards III. Affecting OperationsA. Technologies1. Intelligent Routing Systems 2. Real-Time Traffic Information 3. Online B2B Coordination B. Operations1. Vehicle Utilization 2. Intermodal Options C. Public Projects1. Terminals 2. Pavement Characteristics D. Government Policies1. Load Factor Requirements 2. Weight Regulations 3. Zonal Designations 4. Temporal Restrictions 5. Taxation 6. Market Creation IV. Economic and Societal Development Considerations A. Demand1. Goods Characteristics 2. Geography 3. Cultural Table 11 in Nakul Sathaye, Yuwei Li, Arpad Horvath and Samer Madanat (2006): The Environmental Impacts of Logistics Systems and Options for Mitigation

9. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation Problem Statement Transportation emissions are typically evaluated from the vehicle tail-pipe –Vehicle life-cycle is ignored (i.e. manufacturing and disposal) –Mode and fuel infrastructure is ignored Policy is created and decisions are made based on tail-pipe emissions –e.g. CAFE standards A thorough understanding of human health and environmental impacts requires knowledge of emissions from the mode’s life-cycle

10. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation Methodology A life-cycle emissions inventory will be created –Modes: automobile, bus, heavy rail, and light rail –For each mode: inputs and outputs from infrastructure, vehicle, and fuels Hybrid LCA –Combines the positive aspects of process based LCA and economic input-output based LCA –Goes beyond vehicle tail-pipe; quantifies effects in the supply chain IVF Design Production UseX End-of-Life I=Infrastructure, V=Vehicle, F=Fuels EIO  Supply Chain Product Process- Based

11. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation Emissions Inventory Energy Inputs –Electricity and fuel use Emissions Outputs –Criteria air pollutants (SO 2, CO, NO X, VOC, Pb, PM 10 ) –Greenhouse gases (CH 4, CO 2, N 2 O) Quantification and location of inputs/outputs in the supply chain: –Improve decision-making processes –Applicability of abatement technologies

12. www.its.berkeley.edu/volvocenter Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation Inventory Application Comparison of two major U.S. cities with different modal shares –New York and Los Angeles Application of life-cycle inventory to existing transportation models to understand full effects Image Source: Google Maps, http://maps.google.com/, Accessed 7/11/2006