1. Plagiarism and Correct Documentation by Karey Perkins

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS Plagiarism: Definition and Consequences
Types of Plagiarism
Conscious Plagiarism – Stealing
Conscious Plagiarism - Lying and Falsifying
Plagiarism due to Laziness, Confusion, Carelessness
Inadvertent Plagiarism
Copyright Law
Pop Quiz 1
What is Common Knowledge
Transferring information
QUOTES
PARAPHRASES
SUMMARIES
Pop Quiz 2
When to cite and when not to cite

3. CONTENTS: In-Text Citations
Formatting in-text citations
Citing a PARAPHRASE
Citing a QUOTE
Citing a source with NO AUTHOR
Citing INTERNET SOURCES
Citing Internet Sources: PARAPHRASES
Citing Internet Sources: QUOTES
Formatting the entire paper
Running Head
Title Page
The Abstract
The First Page/Inside Pages
The References Page
Pop Quiz 3
When to Underline, Italicize or Quote Titles

4. CONTENTS: The References Page
Writing Entries for your References Page
References page entry for a BOOK
References page entry for a NEWSPAPER or MAGAZINE ARTICLE
References page entry for a JOURNAL ARTICLE (print version)
References page entry for a SELECTION FROM AN EDITED BOOK
References page entries for INTERNET SOURCES
References page entry for a Web Page or File from a Website
References page entry for an ELECTRONIC LIBRARY SOURCE
References page entry for an ELECTRONIC PRINT SOURCE
References page entry for a source from an ELECTRONIC LIBRARY DATABASE (Proquest, EBSCOHost, Lexis-Nexus, etc.)
POP QUIZ 4: Newspaper Documentation Activity
POP QUIZ 5: Essay in Book Documentation Activity
Daily Work Portfolio

5. Plagiarism
PLAGIARISM…
…is a violation of U.S. copyright law with severe consequences.
Academically, the consequences are:
“First offense: an “F” on the piece of work, and written record sent to Student Services
Second offense: an “F” for the course, and written record sent to Student Services
Third offense: expulsion from school.
Other consequences are:
Loss of credibility
Loss of authority
Loss of job
Loss of revenue for owner of the original property

6. Consequences of Careless Documentation and Citation
The NRA’s and conservative groups’ “lynching” of Emory history professor Michael Bellisiles’ Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture:

7. But what is “plagiarism”?
It is presenting other’s work, words, or ideas as your own, or documenting such work incorrectly, whether intentional or not intentional.
There are four kinds or levels of plagiarism:
Cheating or Stealing
Lying and Falsifying
Plagiarism due to Laziness, Confusion, Carelessness
Inadvertent Plagiarism

8. Conscious Plagiarism - Stealing
Copying from another’s exam, homework, term paper, computer program, etc.
Buying a term paper
Submitting work done by another person
Allowing another person to use your work
Using a source forbidden by the instructor, such as Cliff Notes

9. Lying and Falsifying
Presenting one’s own work, words, or data as if it came from an outside source
Making up statistical data
Making up interviews
Falsifying or making up lab tests, results
Falsifying citations in term papers

10. Plagiarism due to Laziness, Confusion, Carelessness
Failure to credit source of ideas
Failure to credit source of exact words or phrases
Penalty often the same as for cheating, unless professor elects otherwise

11. Inadvertent Plagiarism
Failure to credit source of some words or phrases through quotation marks, even if source is cited
Failure to credit sentence structure of original through quotation marks, even if source is cited
Ignorance, unfamiliarity with subject or language primary causes
Penalties less severe in undergraduate work

12. Reasons students perceive plagiarism as “worth it”
Work submitted by deadline
Better grade on the piece of work
Better grade in the course
Respect of the professor for the quality of the work
Admiration of peers

13. Reasons to not plagiarize
No risk of “F” on work or class or expulsion
Adds credibility to work and to student
Adds authority to the work itself
Gives sense of pride in the work
Self-respect and professor/colleague’s respect
Allows reader to find original source
Gives “credit where credit is due”
It’s the right thing to do

14. If Plagiarism is Suspected…
Proof of plagiarism does NOT lie with professor
Proof of authenticity of work lies with student
Professor may require:
Notes and/or draft of paper
Oral examination
New examination, proctored by professor
Copy of actual source material
Any other type of proof

15. Under Copyright Law, a Writer Owns
His/her own IDEAS (NOT general information or common knowledge)
AND
His/her own WORDS through which the ideas are expressed
His/her own SYNTAX (sentence formation) through which the words are ordered for style, effect, and clarity

16. Copyright Law – “Fair Use” Can use without author’s permission but still must cite
One of the rights accorded to the owner of copyright is the right to reproduce or to authorize others to reproduce the work in copies or phonorecords. This right is subject to certain limitations found in sections 107 through 118 of the Copyright Act (title 17, U. S. Code). One of the more important limitations is the doctrine of “fair use.” Although fair use was not mentioned in the previous copyright law, the doctrine has developed through a substantial number of court decisions over the years. This doctrine has been codified in section 107 of the copyright law.
Section 107 contains a list of the various purposes for which the reproduction of a particular work may be considered “fair,” such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Section 107 also sets out four factors to be considered in determining whether or not a particular use is fair:
the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
the nature of the copyrighted work;
amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
The distinction between “fair use” and infringement may be unclear and not easily defined. There is no specific number of words, lines, or notes that may safely be taken without permission. Acknowledging the source of the copyrighted material does not substitute for obtaining permission.
United States Copyright Office. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from:

17. Access the quiz worksheet HERE
Pop Quiz 1: Which statements below are common knowledge? Why or why not?
1. Robert Frost recited the poem, “The Gift Outright,” on January 20, 1961, for John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address.
2. Sugar causes tooth decay in children and adults.
3. The earth is 93.2 million miles from the sun.
4. It seems that the majority of people find their solutions to problems or puzzles not through labored and sequential logical calculations, but through an “aha! experience,” an instantaneous insight arising from the subconscious.
5. Universal grammatical rules do not originate in any brain location or through a genetic determination, but rather, they emerge spontaneously and evolve through adaptation.
6. Elephants are mammals of the pachyderm family of the Proboscidea order, and only three living species remain: the African Bush Elephant, the African Forest Elephant, and the Asian, or Indian, Elephant.

18. 1, 2, 3, and 6 are common knowledge; 4 and 5 are NOT and so MUST BE CITED
1. Robert Frost recited the poem, “The Gift Outright,” on January 20, 1961, for John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address.
2. Sugar causes tooth decay in children and adults.
3. The earth is 93.2 million miles from the sun.
4. It seems that the majority of people found their solutions to problems or puzzles not through labored and sequential logical calculations, but through an “aha! experience,” an instantaneous insight arising from the subconscious (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997, p ).
5. Universal grammatical rules do not originate in any brain location or through a genetic determination, but rather, they emerge spontaneously and evolve through adaptation (Deacon, 1997).
6. Elephants are mammals of the pachyderm family of the Proboscidea order, and only three living species remain: the African Bush Elephant, the African Forest Elephant, and the Asian, or Indian, Elephant.

19. Author’s unique ideas (must cite) vs. Common knowledge (don’t cite)
Information that the author has researched herself
Information that the author has discovered (his own experiments, etc.) himself
Thoughts, insights, opinions, and ideas of the author that are original to that author
Author’s own synthesis of other’s information or own conclusions from other’s information
Common knowledge (don’t cite)
Information that appears in multiple sources
Information that most educated people know, though they may have to remind themselves by checking a reference book
You may not already know the information before you find it in your source, but if it conforms to one of the above criteria, it is still common knowledge

20. Transferring information from your source to your paper
When you put another’s work, words, or ideas within the text of your paper, you may
QUOTE
PARAPHRASE
SUMMARIZE

21. QUOTES
Convey your author’s ideas in the AUTHOR’S words, not your own words.
ALL word-for-word renditions MUST BE IN QUOTATION MARKS. (i.e.: Don’t forget the “ ”)
In in-text citations for quotes, you need page numbers in addition to author and year: (Smith, 1999, p. 45).
If passage is 40 or more words, indent the quote (APA style only) and leave out the quotations marks.
Integrate quote smoothly and correctly.

22. Quote the author EXACTLY
Quote EXACTLY (word-for-word, punctuation for punctuation).
Even if the author makes a mistake, you must include it (with a [sic] after the mistake).
“The nation must follow thier [sic] example” (Jones, 2005, p. A1).
If you add your own words for clarity, BRACKET your additions.
“He [President Bush] vowed to veto the [stem-cell research]
bill” (Jones, 2006, p. A8).
If you subtract unnecessary words, use an ellipses (3 dots) (…) Have a period after the ellipses if it is at end of sentence (4 dots) (….)
“He [President Bush] cited numerous reasons for a troop surge…. Chief
among them was the need to ‘win’ in Iraq” (Jones, 2007, p. A1).
If you have a quote within a quote, use single quotes for the inside quote, not double quotes. (See example above.)

23. WHEN to quote
quote sparingly, usually no more than 10-15% of your citations
quote if author has said something
Uniquely worded
Technical and difficult to translate
Something you will object to or refute
Speaker is famous or has special authority
don’t begin or end paragraph with a quote

24. PARAPHRASES convey your author’s ideas in YOUR own words, not his
Plagiarism
PARAPHRASES
convey your author’s ideas in YOUR own words, not his
keep the same amount of information and detail – the passage in your paper should be same length and text space as the passage in your source
do not skip points
do not guess at meanings (i.e.: inserting your ideas)
do not interpret (i.e.: inserting your ideas)
only after you cite the paraphrase will you then add your comments

25. Paraphrase without plagiarizing
COMPLETELY restate the material
transform your author’s diction (words)
Unique words must be changed
Simple common words may stay same
But no more than 3 words same in a row
See handbook examples
transform your author’s syntax (sentence structure)
For example, if your author begin with a prepositional phrase, you should not

26. Paragraph to paraphrase
These two minds, the emotional and the rational, operate in tight harmony for the most part, intertwining their very different ways of knowing to guide us through the world. Ordinarily there is a balance between the emotional and rational minds, with emotion feeding into and refining and sometimes vetoing the inputs of the emotions. Still, the emotional and rational minds are semi-independent faculties, each, as we shall see, reflecting the operation of distinct, but interconnected, circuitry of the brain (Goleman 1995).

27. Unacceptable paraphrase
ORIGINAL: These two minds, the emotional and the rational, operate in tight harmony for the most part, intertwining their very different ways of knowing to guide us through the world. Ordinarily there is a balance between the emotional and rational minds, with emotion feeding into and refining and sometimes vetoing the inputs of the emotions. Still, the emotional and rational minds are semi-independent faculties, each, as we shall see, reflecting the operation of distinct, but interconnected, circuitry of the brain (Goleman 1995).
UNACCEPTABLE PARAPHRASE:
The emotional and the rational parts of our mind operate in tight harmony for the most part as they help us make our way through our lives. Usually the two minds are balanced, with emotional feeding into and informing the operations of the rational mind, and the rational mind refining and sometimes overruling what the emotions desire. Still, the emotional and rational minds are semi-independent faculties, for as research shows, although they function separately, they are linked to the brain (Goleman 1995).

28. Acceptable paraphrase
ACCEPTABLE PARAPHRASE: According to Goleman (1995), the emotional and rational parts of our mind work together to help us make our way through our lives. Usually the two minds have equal input. The emotional mind provides information to the logical mind, and the logical mind processes the date and sometimes overrules the emotional desires. Nevertheless, while the two minds show a biological connection in the brain, each can assert some independence.
ORIGINAL: These two minds, the emotional and the rational, operate in tight harmony for the most part, intertwining their very different ways of knowing to guide us through the world. Ordinarily there is a balance between the emotional and rational minds, with emotion feeding into and refining and sometimes vetoing the inputs of the emotions. Still, the emotional and rational minds are semi-independent faculties, each, as we shall see, reflecting the operation of distinct, but interconnected, circuitry of the brain (Goleman 1995).

29. SUMMARIES Same as paraphrase: completely in your own words EXCEPT
condense the author’s message
convey author’s ideas in shorter form, with less detail
just convey the major concepts
sum up author’s main points
follow paraphrase guidelines above

30. Pop Quiz 2 Which MUST receive in-text citations?
Access the quiz worksheet HERE
Pop Quiz 2
Which MUST receive in-text citations?
Which MUST get a bibliographic entry?
Author’s Own Ideas/Info
Common Knowledge
In-text citation?
Bibliographic Entry?
In-Text Citation?
QUOTE
Yes No
PARAPHRASE
SUMMARY

31. POP QUIZ HINT #1: Remember, under copyright law, a writer owns:
His/her own IDEAS (but not general information or common knowledge)
AND
His/her own WORDS through which the ideas are expressed
His/her own SYNTAX (sentence formation) through which the words are ordered for style, effect, and clarity

32. Pop Quiz Hint # 2 In-Text citation = Required Bibliographic Entry
Every in-text citation ALWAYS has a corresponding bibliography (references page) entry
Since the in-text citation is only the author’s last name/year/page number, it is meaningless to your reader unless the rest of the information is given (in the references page at the end of your paper).

33. Author’s own ideas/info
Answers
Author’s own ideas/info
Common knowledge
In text citation?
Bibliographic Entry?
In Text Citation?
Bibliographic Entry
QUOTE
YES
PARAPHRASE NO
SUMMARY

34. Types of documentation styles
APA: American Psychological Association
In social science, year of study/experiment is important
Studies often short, so page not important
Year is included in citation and second in bibliography
Many scientists, so up to five authors in citations
MLA: Modern Language Association
In English and humanities, long works (books) are often done
Page number is important to find the reference
Year is less important as humanities information less transient than science
Usually only one or very few authors, so only two authors names in citations
CM: Chicago Manual (also called “Chicago style”)
For English, humanities and history
Two kinds of styles: “name-year” and notes (numerals)
CBE: Council of Biology Editors
Other, less common styles as well, specific to certain disciplines and occasions

35. DeVry/Georgia Style: APA
At DeVry we have chosen to use APA style (Social Sciences style) for a consistent style students can use throughout their career here.
In future writing situations, you should use whatever style is appropriate to the subject you are writing on.
In future writing situations, you should also use whatever style is requested by your professor or journal or conference or writing situation.
If you know how to use one style (in this case, I’ll teach you APA), these skills are easily transferable to any other style you may need, with the help of your handbook as a reference.

36. Correct Documentation To use somebody else’s work in your paper, whether you have used a quote, paraphrase, or summary of their work, you must CITE their work (and do so CORRECTLY) in TWO places:
(1) IN-TEXT CITATIONS
noting, in parenthesis, in the text (MIDDLE) of the paper itself, right after the information you included in your paper from the source, that the statement you have just written was another person’s words or ideas, by author’s last name, year, and page number
(2) BIBLIOGRAPHY
at the end of your paper, a properly formatted ALPHABETICAL list of ALL the sources you used to write your paper (called “references” (APA) or “works cited” (MLA) or “notes” (CM)
You must cite in BOTH of these places,
or you have plagiarized.

37. FORMATTING
Formatting correctly is very important in documentation; incorrect punctuation or wrong information or other formatting can be inadvertent plagiarism and can receive a “zero” as well as intentional plagiarism. We will look at:
Formatting your in-text citations
Formatting your References page

38. Formatting in-text citations
Citations give credit to your source IN THE MIDDLE OF YOUR PAPER.
They go immediately AFTER the information from your source that you used.
They go BEFORE the punctuation (usually a period, sometimes a semi-colon or comma).
They ALWAYS have a corresponding References page (bibliography) entry.
Basic APA style has the following: parenthesis, author’s last name, comma, year, close parenthesis, period or comma or semicolon, as in:
Blah, blah, blah (Williams, 2003).

39. In-text citation for a PARAPHRASE
Blah, blah, blah (Author’s last name, year).
Example:
Global warming is increasing the earth’s temperature by an average of 1 degree every 500 years (Smith, 1999).

40. In-text citation for a QUOTE
The PAGE NUMBER is required for direct quotations only. (In paraphrases, it is optional, depending on your professor’s or the journal’s preference):
“Blah, blah, blah” (Author’s last name, year, p. #).
Example:
Some scientists believe that “without aggressive intervention in systems of present energy use, the beaches of Florida will be underwater by the year 2500” (Smith, 1999, p. 54).

41. More Examples of In-text Citations for QUOTES
One of his questions is “What binds together a Mormon banker in Utah with his brother, or other coreligionists in Illinois or Massachusetts?” (Coles, 1993, p.2).
Binkley (1990) reports reductions in SAD-related “depression in 87 percent of patients” (p. 203).

42. Review of basic APA in-text citation
In-text citation of a PARAPHRASE:
Blah, blah, blah (Smith, 2006).
In-text citation of a QUOTE:
“Blah, blah, blah” (Smith, 2006, p. 45).
Alternate in-text citation placement for a PARAPHRASE:
Smith (2006) believes yadda, yadda, yadda.
Alternate in-text citation placement for a QUOTE:
According to Smith (2006), “Yadda, yadda, yadda” (p. 45).

43. Citing LONG quotes: 40 or more words
If your quote is over 40 words, then:
INDENT the entire quote five spaces (characters) from the margin
Do NOT use quotation marks
Parenthetical in-text citation goes AFTER the period
Parenthetical citation is indented with the quote
Jet lag, with its characteristic fatigue and irregular sleep patterns is a common problem among those who travel great distances by jet airplane to different time zones:
Jet lag syndrome is the inability of the internal body rhythm to rapidly resynchronize after sudden shifts in the timing. For a variety of reasons, the system attempts to maintain stability to resist temporal change. Consequently, complete adjustment can often be delayed for several days – sometimes for a week – after arrival at one’s destination. (Bonner, 1991, p. 72)
Clearly, the traveler across multiple time zones will not be able to immediately work or play as effectively as he can a few days later.

44. In-text citation for a source with NO AUTHOR
When no author is indicated, you use AN ABBREVIATED VERSION of the TITLE of the article (with quotation marks) in place of the author’s last name:
Blah, blah, blah (“Short Title,” 2006).
Example:
The state of Georgia ranked lowest in the nation of average SAT scores, with the exception of the District of Columbia (“Georgia SAT’s,” 2002, p. A1).
NOTE: In APA style, the title DOES get quotation marks in the in-text citation, but does NOT quoted in the References page. Also, the comma goes INSIDE the quotation mark of the title.

45. In-text Citation of Internet Sources
NEVER, NEVER, NEVER,
NEVER use the Internet web address (
in your in-text citation!!!!!!!**

46. **EXCEPTION
**There is one exception to Internet addresses as in-text citations:
When referring to the WHOLE web site (not just a single page or file from the site), then put the web address for the entire site in your in-text citations.
You will NOT have a corresponding references page entry.
This is the only time an Internet address is an in-text citation!!
This is the only time an in-text citation does not have a matching reference page entry!!
Example:
Thomas is the name of an excellent source for
government documents on the web (

47. Citing Internet Sources PARAPHRASES
The Internet source will often have an AUTHOR, (so use author’s name as in your other sources):
Blah, blah, blah (Taylor, 2007).
If your Internet source doesn’t have an author, use a SHORTENED TITLE of the web source (the page, not the whole site):
Blah, blah, blah (“Women’s Health,” 2007).
Note how these citations look exactly like your regular print source citations??? Because THEY ARE exactly like your regular print sources… 

48. Citing Internet Sources QUOTES
There is ONE difference between in-text citations of Internet sources and print sources:
If you QUOTE an Internet source, use PARAGRAPH numbers (yes, you must count them), not page numbers:
“Blah, blah, blah” (Taylor, 2007, para. 6).

49. Formatting the entire paper
Have a RUNNING HEAD on EVERY page
Have a TITLE PAGE
Have an ABSTRACT: a one to two paragraph summary of your paper
Use correct font and margins
Bibliography (References) page goes at end
Center the word “References” at top of page
List your references entries in ALPHABETICAL order
See paper samples in your handbook and on the web
Here’s a good place to start:
(for the most current style updates)

50. RUNNING HEAD
Goes at the top of EVERY page of your paper, including the title page, abstract, and references pages.
Goes in the upper RIGHT corner of your paper, right-justified.
Is a shortened two or three version of the title of your paper and the page number.
In Word, go to “View,” then “Header and Footer” and use this tool to put a running head on every page.

51. Formatting the Title Page: Example
New Computer Users 1 RUNNING HEAD: New Computer Users
New Computer Users and Fear: A Review of Some Related Literature Samantha Smith
Psychology 101, Semester 2, Class 3A Professor H. Lawson May 2, 2006
FROM: Shaun Fawcett’s Writing Help Central. Retrieved March 5, 2007 from

52. Formatting the Abstract
The abstract is a one-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important elements of the paper.
Pagination: The abstract begins on a new page (page 2).         
Heading: Abstract (centered on the first line below the manuscript page header)         
Format: The abstract (in block format) begins on the line following the Abstract heading. The abstract should not exceed 120 words. All numbers in the abstract (except those beginning a sentence) should be typed as digits rather than words.         
FROM: Degelman, Douglas. (2006). APA Style Essentials. Retrieved March 6, 2007 from:

53. Formatting the Abstract Page: Example
Degelman, Douglas. (2006). APA Style Essentials. Retrieved March 6, 2007 from

54. Formatting the First Page/Inside Pages
New Computer Users   3
New Computer Users and Fear: A Review of Some Related Literature
        In one of his very first chapters entitled, "Fear and Anxiety on the Internet", Fawcett (1999) observed, "It was my fear of technology that drove me in my early days on the Internet" (p. 23). Later in the same chapter he went on to elaborate at length on his experiences:           My first experiences with the Internet were not pleasant ones. At that           time, most Internet users were hooked-up to public networks known as           Freenets. These networks may have been pioneering in many ways, but           for the average user at the time, they were extremely tedious and           frustrating, sporting technology that, by today's standards, was           bordering on primitive. A typical Internet evening involved many long           and frustrating hours of fumbling around in "cyber-blackness". It           frequently took an entire evening just to check my ! A session           was often prefaced by hours of busy signals before finally making a           connection. (p. 26)
According to that author, at that time, everything was text-based and menu-driven.
FROM: Shaun Fawcett’s Writing Help Central. Retrieved March 5, 2007 from

55. REFERENCES THE REFERENCES PAGE
Now that you know how to format your in-text citations and your paper in general, let’s look at how to write your bibliography, the list of all your sources at the END of your paper. In APA style it is called:
REFERENCES

56. The References Page (your bibliography)
A References page is REQUIRED or you will receive a zero on your paper.
That doesn’t mean you don’t have to have IN-TEXT CITATIONS – they are also REQUIRED or you will still receive a zero.
EACH IN-TEXT CITATION must have a corresponding or matching REFERENCES PAGE ENTRY.
List ALL sources you used (“referred” to) when you wrote your paper.
Compile the list as you go, not at the end of your project.
Use APA format at DeVry (discussed below).

57. Formatting the References Page
First: Determine the KIND of source you have: a book with one author? No author? Corporate author? Several authors? Edition after the first? A journal article? An electronic print source? A combination of kinds of sources? And so on…
Second: Once you know the type of source you are using, refer to your handbook (or an on-line handbook) for how to format that source.
Third: Some sources are straightforward and basic, but with a lot of them you’ll have to mix and match examples from your handbook to create the right References page entry for the kind of source you have.
Put all entries in ALPHABETICAL ORDER by author’s last name or shortened title if no author.
A RUNNING HEAD goes on top of all pages of your paper, including your references pages.
The word “References” goes at top of first reference page.

58. Formatting the References Page: Example
New Computer Users   10
References
Bedford, F. (1990, October 30). The psychology of fear: Is it all in our heads?           The New York Times, p. B4. Chrissie, S. (1995, July 31). Are we afraid of our computers? The Chicago           Tribune, pp. D4, D6.
Gorman, J.R., & Smithson, R.T. (1997). The dynamics of human fear           neuroses in the age of the modern computer (pp ). Toronto:           University of Toronto Press. Hillson, G. (1996, December). The unwelcome eventual alternative -           Computers that tell us what to do. The New Psychologist, 22,
FROM: Shaun Fawcett’s WritingHelp-Central. Retrieved March 5, 2007 from:

59. Pop Quiz 3: Titles Underline? Italicize? “Quote?” When do you…
Access the quiz worksheet HERE
Pop Quiz 3: Titles
When do you…
Underline?
Italicize?
“Quote?”
…titles of magazines, newspapers, journals, individual articles, essays, books, websites, articles on websites, movies, plays, TV shows, poems?

60. Titles Underline OR Italicize titles of LONG WORKS
Quote titles of SHORT WORKS
What is a short work? What is a long work?

61. When to Underline, Italicize, or Quote Titles
UNDERLINE or ITALICIZE
titles of Long Works:
Books
Plays
Movies
Newspapers
Magazines or journals
TV shows
QUOTE titles of “Short Works”:
A poem, essay, or selection from a book
An article in a newspaper
An article in a magazine
An episode of a TV show

62. Underline or Italicize?
Note that you can EITHER underline OR italicize long works; do NOT do BOTH. Usually if you are submitting an essay or article for publication, the publisher wants it underlined and will later italicize it when he creates the print version. For essays submitted in school, you are “self-publishing” and can italicize the title yourself instead of underlining. Find out what the person to whom your are submitting your essay or article wants.

63. Some Exceptions to Title Format in APA Style
In APA style, in the References page entry, titles of short works are NOT quoted!!
In APA style, titles also do NOT use Title Case (i.e.: capitalizing the major words in a title). Words in titles are all lower case except the first word and proper nouns (names).
Yet APA style STILL wants you to quote and capitalize the abbreviated title of short works in your in-text citations (when there is no author cited).
Confusing? Yes, it is to me, too. But that’s the way it’s done!

64. References page entry for a BOOK
For a book with one author:
Author’s last name, first initial. (Date).
Title of book. City Published: Publisher.
Didion, J. (1997). A book of common prayer.
New York: Simon & Schuster.

65. References page entry for a NEWSPAPER or MAGAZINE ARTICLE
For a newspaper article:
Broad, W. J. (1999, November 21). Nuclear roulette for Russia: Burying uncontained waste. The New York Times, p. A1.
For a magazine article:
Winson, J. (2002, June). The meaning of dreams. Scientific American, 12,

66. References page entry for a JOURNAL ARTICLE (print version)
When citing articles from journals, follow the journal title with the Volume Number and the Issue Number. If the journal is continuously paginated, use only the volume number (italicized); if each journal issue is paginated separately, also include the issue number (in parenthesis, not italicized). If your source is print, not on-line, indicate the page numbers (not italicized).
Article in journal with continuous pagination:
Jazzmen, I. (2002). Previous behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32,
Article in journal with issues paginated separately:
Rudisell, J. R., & Edwards, J. M. (2002). Coping with job transitions. Consulting Psychology Journal, 54(1),

67. References page entry for a SELECTION FROM AN EDITED BOOK
One selection from an anthology or edited book:
Wolfe, A. (1996). Human nature and the quest for community. In A. Etzioni (Ed.), New communitarian thinking (pp ). Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.

68. References page entries for INTERNET SOURCES
With the web, you try to approximate as print citations as closely as you can.
Try to find an author, an article title, the magazine or main site from which it comes from. You may have to search around the site. Truncate the web address to the original form to find the home page. Go to the “About Us” or “Contact Us” pages. Go to the copyright page if the site has one.
At the end of the entry, that hopefully looks as close to a print source as you can approximate, you have the DATE OF RETRIEVAL, or when YOU accessed the web page and found the information. Therefore, you will have TWO dates in your entry.
You also will have the FULL WEB ADDRESS, of the web page or file, not the entire website.
So, you have an entry that looks just like a regular print entry, followed by:
Retrieved March 1, 2007, from
The following website is dedicated entirely to citing on-line sources and is one of the most comprehensive around:

69. References page entry for a Web Page or File from a Website
Search the site and try to find an author – if none, use the title of the PAGE or FILE (NOT the title of the whole website) as the first item in the references page entry.
Women’s health and policy. (2007). Center for American Progress. Retrieved March 1, 2007, from

70. References page entry for an ELECTRONIC LIBRARY SOURCE
If source is on-line only, not in print, must have the web address:
Lewis, R. (1995, December 24). Chronobiology researchers say their field’s time has come. The Scientist, 9, p. 14 [On-line newspaper]. Retrieved December 30, 1997 from /dec/chrono_ html
Yu, D. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002, May 8). Preventing depressive symptoms in Chinese children. Prevention and Treatment, 5, Article 9, Retrieved June 15, 2002, from

71. References page entry for an ELECTRONIC PRINT SOURCE
If you accessed a source on-line that is also in print form:
For an on-line journal article based on a print source, add bracketed phrase indicating it is the electronic version of same thing in print:
Lindsay, D. S., & Poole, D.A. (2001). Children’s eyewitness reports after exposure to misinformation from parents [Electronic version]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 7(1),
An on-line newspaper article also in print:
McGrath, C. (2002, June 15). Father time. New York Times. Retrieved June 15, 2002, from

72. References page entry for a source from an ELECTRONIC LIBRARY DATABASE (Proquest, EBSCOHost, Lexis-Nexus, etc.)
Identify the database at the end of the entry:
Kim, Y. (2002). Spirituality moderates the effect of stress on emotional and physical adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(8), Retrieved June 12, 2002, from PsychINFO database.

73. Match Each In-text Citation to a References Page Entry
EVERY in-text citation MUST have a corresponding References page entry.
The FIRST WORD of each References page entry is also the FIRST WORD of your in-text citation within your paper. For example:
In-text citation:
Blah, blah, blah (“Women’s Health,” 2007).
References page entry:
Women’s health and policy. (2007). Center for American
Progress. Retrieved March 1, 2007 from:

74. Variety of source types and origins
There are an incredible variety of source types
book
magazine
newspaper
journal
government document
essay in an anthology
more than one author
no author
corporate author
multiple editions
etc.
There are an incredible variety of
source origins
Internet web page
electronic print source TV
documentary
news show
someone’s personal website
interview
CD-Rom
etc.
So you cannot possibly remember how to do the many kinds of citing you will have to do. Nor can they all be listed in one handout, one website, or one PowerPoint presentation:
Citing requires investigation, flexibility, and creativity!

75. Documentation survival tip: Know how to use your handbook!
Correct documentation entails knowing how to use a handbook to find the kind of citation you need for the source that you have.
Refer to a good college grammar handbook for the correct ways of documenting and citing the many different kinds of sources you will run across.
Always keep a good grammar & writing handbook – it is likely you will need it for the rest of your life.
Language, language rules, and agreed upon documentation formats change constantly: Be aware of updates.
However, today you can also find the same documentation information on the web, though this can be more cumbersome than your handy handbook. For example, see:

76. POP QUIZ 4: Newspaper Documentation Activity
Access the quiz worksheet HERE
POP QUIZ 4: Newspaper Documentation Activity
Using APA style, document the following:
a signed article (with author) in a newspaper as REFERENCES entry
paraphrase a paragraph from that article (with in-text citation)
then document an unsigned article (no author) as a REFERENCES (bibliography) entry
QUOTE a sentence from the unsigned article (with in-text citation)
You may work in groups of two or three.
Write one of these (citation or references entry) on the board when you are done and the class will critique it: did we document correctly??!!
Save worksheet and place in your Daily Work Portfolio.
Good luck!!

77. POP QUIZ 5: Essay in Book Documentation Activity
Access the quiz worksheet HERE
POP QUIZ 5: Essay in Book Documentation Activity
Using APA style, document an essay selection from your text (given in class) by:
In-text citation: paraphrase
In-text citation: quote
References page entry
You may work in groups of two or three.
Write one of these (citation or references entry) on the board when you are done and the class will critique it: did we document correctly??!!
Save worksheet and place in your Daily Work Portfolio.
Good luck!!

78. Daily Work Portfolio
Your Pop Quizzes (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) must be saved and place in your daily work portfolio.
Turn in DW portfolio at the end of the class with your in-class work and homework: web evaluation and search activities, peer reviews, threaded discussions, logic quiz.
See Daily Work Portfolio cover sheet at for what items to include.
The DW Portfolio cover sheet goes in portfolio, too; it will be the first page (required).

79. References
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: HarperPerennial.
Deacon, T. (1997). The symbolic species: The Co-evolution of language and the brain. New York: Norton.
Degelman, Douglas. (2006). APA Style Essentials. Retrieved March 6, 2007 from:
DeVry/Alpharetta COLL 147/149 Resource Notebook. (2004). General Education Department. Alpharetta, GA: DeVry University.
Fawcett, Shaun. (2007). Writing Help Central. Retrieved March 2, 5, 2007 from
Glenn, C., Miller, R.K., Webb, S.S., and Gray, L. (2004). The Writer’s Harbrace Handbook, 2nd ed. Boston: Thomson.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.
Troyka, L. Q. (2002). Simon & Schuster handbook for writers, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.