1. BDC 211 Vertebrate Diversity

2. Schedule WEEKDATEDAYLECTUREPRACTICAL 128-Mar-11MonChordate diversityProtochordates + System 129-Mar-11TueVertebrate evolution 130-Mar-11Wed 131-Mar-11ThuFish function 101-Apr-11Fri Fish diversity 204-Apr-11MonFish functionFish dissection 205-Apr-11TueAmphibian evolution 206-Apr-11Wed 207-Apr-11ThuAmphibian diversity 208-Apr-11Fri Amphibian diversity 311-Apr-11MonAquarium excursion 312-Apr-11TueAmphibian function 313-Apr-11Wed 314-Apr-11ThuThe amniotic egg 315-Apr-11Fri Frog dissection 418-Apr-11MonReptilesReptile diversity 419-Apr-11TueBirds 420-Apr-11Wed 421-Apr-11Thu ESSAY DUE Mammals 422-Apr-11FriGOOD FRIDAY 525-Apr-11MonFAMILY DAY 526-Apr-11TueAmniote function 527-Apr-11WedFREEDOM DAY 528-Apr-11ThuAmniote function 529-Apr-11Fri Life in cold blood 602-May-11MonPUBLIC HOLIDAY 603-May-11TueDiscussion class 604-May-11Wed 605-May-11ThuTHEORY TEST 606-May-11Fri Mammal & bird diversity 709-May-11MonMuseum excursion 710-May-11TueRevision 711-May-11Wed 712-May-11ThuRevision 713-May-11Fri PRACTICAL EXAM

3. Theory & Practical handouts Get from Mrs van Heerden (at lunchtime 12.30-14 h) Essay: Your literature research should cover the following aspects:  Distribution  Taxonomy  Morphology (including distinguishing features)  Ecology and/or Physiology: two interesting facets of the group or members of the group. Evaluation: Final mark = Practical (40%) + Theory (20%) + Exam (40%) Practical = Dissections (10%) + Worksheets (10%) + Prac exam (20%) Theory = Essay (10%) + Test (10%)

4. Recommended Textbooks Hickman CP, Roberts LS, Keen SL, Eisenhour DJ, Larson A, l’Anson H. 2011. Integrated Principles of Zoology. 15 th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 918 p. –Hickman CP, Roberts LS, Keen SL, Larson A, Eisenhour DJ. 2008. Animal Diversity. 5 th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 480p. Miller SA, Harley JP. 2010. Zoology. 8 th ed. New York: McGraw- Hill. 592 p. Kardong KV. 2009. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. 5 th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill. 779 p. Pough EH, Janis CM, Heiser JB. 2009. Vertebrate Life. 8 th ed. San Francisco: Cummings. 736 p.

5. Chordate diversity

6. Number of species From: Kardong, 2009

7. Chordate characteristics The chordates share five features:  Notochord  tubular dorsal nerve tube  Pharyngeal slits  Endostyle or thyroid glands  Postanal tail Only in embryo or persist in adult – distinguish chordates from all other phyla From: Kardong 2009

8. Animal size From: Hickman et al. 2011

9. Five grades of complexity:  Protoplasmic: unicellular organisms  Cellular: aggregation of cells functionally differentiated  Cell-tissue: aggregation of similar cells  Organs: several tissues for common function  Organ systems: cooperation of organs for common function Architecture of Animal Organization 1 From: Hickman et al. 2011

10. Organ systems serve 11 basic functions  3 Structural: skeletal, muscular, integumentary  4 Metabolic: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory  3 Integrative: nervous, endocrine, immune  Reproductive Every animal is a functional solution about how to live and how to survive. Architecture of Animal Organization 2

11. Notochord  Rod-like, flexible structure dorsal along longitudinal axis of the body  Dorsal of alimentary canal after: Kardong 2009

12. From: Hickman et al. 2011 Notochord structure  Core of cells and fluid, encased in fibrous connective tissue sheath  Hydrostatic organ, provides support, but is flexible, and allows swimming motion through lateral pressure against the surrounding substrate  In vertebrates the vertebral column replaces function of the notochord, but the notochord serves as a scaffold for the growing body of the embryo

13. Dorsal tubular nerve cord  In Chordates, the nerve cord develops from dorsal ectodermal cells that form an invagination and sink inward  Dorsal of and parallel to notochord  Chordate nerve cord is hollow (neurocoel) and is filled with fluid  In vertebrates anterior end enlarged to form brain  (Cf. Invertebrates: nerve cord mostly ventral to gut and solid) after: Kardong 2009

14. Development of vertebrate neural tube From: Hickman et al.2011

15. Pharyngeal slits  Pharynx is part of the digestive system and have a series of longitudinal slits at some stage of the development  Water → mouth → pharynx → pharyngeal slits (filter food, gas exchange) Postanal tail All chordates have a posterior elongation of the body behind the anus. The tail fulfils an important role in locomotion in water after: Kardong 2009

16. Endostyle or thyroid gland  The endostyle or its derivate occurs in all chordates but in no other animals  Endostyle in the pharyngeal floor of protochordates secretes mucus that traps small food, secrets iodinated proteins  Homologous with thyroid gland From: Hickman et al. 2011

17. Other characteristics  Bilateral symmetry  Fully developed digestive tract, tube in tube  Well-developed coelom  Three germ layers  Segmented muscles  Ventral heart with dorsal and ventral blood vessels  Closed blood system  Endoskeleton from cartilage or bone

18. Chordate classification

19. PhylumChordata - have a notochord SubphylumUrochordata (Tunicata) SubphylumCephalochordata (Lancelets) SubphylumVertebrata = Craniata Superclass Agnatha (Cyclostomata) - no jaws Class Myxini (hagfish) Class Petromyzontida (lampreys) Superclass Gnathostomata - jaws Class Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton Class Osteichthyes - bony skeleton Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves Class Mammalia ANAMNIOTA AMNIOTA Fishes Tetrapods

20. Chordata - have a notochord Urochordata (Tunicata) Cephalochordata (Lancelets) Vertebrata = Craniata Agnatha (Cyclostomata) - no jaws Myxini (hagfish) – 4 pairs tentacles Petromyzontida (lampreys) Gnathostomata - jaws Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton Osteichthyes - bony skeleton Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

21. Chordata - have a notochord Urochordata (Tunicata) Cephalochordata (Lancelets) Vertebrata = Craniata Agnatha (=Cyclostomata) - no jaws Myxini (hagfish) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Gnathostomata - jaws Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton Osteichthyes - bony skeleton Amphibia – tetrapod Reptilia Aves Mammalia

22. Chordata - have a notochord Urochordata (Tunicata) Cephalochordata (Lancelets) Vertebrata = Craniata Agnatha (Cyclostomata) - no jaws Myxini (hagfish) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Gnathostomata - jaws Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton Osteichthyes - bony skeleton Amphibia Reptilia – cleidoic egg Aves – feathers Mammalia – hair, mammary glands

23. Chordata - have a notochord Protochordata (Acraniata) - no head Urochordata (Tunicata) Cephalochordata (Lancelets) Vertebrata = Craniata Agnatha (Cyclostomata) - no jaws Myxini (hagfish) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Gnathostomata - jaws Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous skeleton Osteichthyes - bony skeleton Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Larvae - notochord & nerve cord Adults sessile with tunic Notochord & nerve cord - body length

24. Cladogram of living Chordates From: Hickman et al. 2011

25. Number of Vertebrate Species From: Pough et al. 2009