1. Titration of a weak acid with a strong base pH calculations 1. Before base addition 2. From first base addition until just before equivalence point 3. At equivalence point

2. Titration of a weak acid with a strong base pH calculations 4. Beyond equivalence point

3. Determine the pH of 50.00mL of a solution of 0.25M formic acid before, after, and during titration with 0.050M NaOH

4. Deviations to Beers Law A.Chemical: 1.) In sufficiently high concentrations of solution, adjacent molecules are close enough that absorption by 1 molecule affects the charge distribution of its neighbors

5. Deviations to Beers Law 2. Refractive Index 3. Equilibrium considerations

6. Instrumental Deviations 1. Polychromatic radiation

7. Instrumental deviations to Beers Law continued 2. Stray radiation