2. Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory Highlights of History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

3. 2200 B.C.E. Proficiency Testing started in China Proficiency Testing started in China 1115 B.C.E. During Chen Dynasty test proficiency examination conducted in areas such as music, archery, horsemanship, writing, arithmetic, agriculture, and geography, for civil service examinations. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

4. 400 B. C. E. 400 B. C. E. Plato suggested people should work at jobs consistent with their abilities and Plato suggested people should work at jobs consistent with their abilities and Endowments/ or natural capacities. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

5. HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE ARE CAPABLE OF DOING?

6. "The Unexamined Life is not Worth Living." Socrates 469 BC History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

10. 200 200 Dark Ages begin Dark Ages begin Science takes a Science takes a backseat to faith and superstition. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

11. 1600 After 1400 years from dark ages we slowly moved from a religion dominated view of the world to a philosophical and scientific view. After 1400 years from dark ages we slowly moved from a religion dominated view of the world to a philosophical and scientific view. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

12. 1859 1859 Publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (humans are descended from apes). Publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (humans are descended from apes). Natural Selection and the Survival of the Fittest of the Species. Natural Selection and the Survival of the Fittest of the Species. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

13. 1860 1860 Gustave (gu ̇ s- ˌ täv)Fechner publishes Elements of Psychophysics Gustave (gu ̇ s- ˌ täv)Fechner publishes Elements of Psychophysics (perception of light and sound). (perception of light and sound). History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

14. 1869 Francis Galton (go ̇ l-tən) father of testing movement half cousin to Darwin Galton  Nature Francis Galton (go ̇ l-tən) father of testing movement half cousin to Darwin Galton  Nature publishes a study of heredity and genius, pioneering publishes a study of heredity and genius, pioneering a statistical technique that Karl Pearson would later call Correlation. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

15. The phrase "Nature versus nurture" was coined by Francis Galton in discussion of the influence of heredity or genes and environment on social advancement. The nature versus nurture concerns the relative importance of an individual's genetic qualities "nature,” versus environment “nurture," in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits. The phrase "Nature versus nurture" was coined by Francis Galton in discussion of the influence of heredity or genes and environment on social advancement. The nature versus nurture concerns the relative importance of an individual's genetic qualities "nature,” versus environment “nurture," in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits. NATURE VS NURTURE

16. 1879 1879 Wilhelm Max Wundt founds the first experimental psychology Wilhelm Max Wundt founds the first experimental psychology laboratory, in Leipzig, Germany (reaction time) (reaction time) History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

17. 1890 1890 American psychologist James Mckeen Cattell coins American psychologist James Mckeen Cattell coins the term “mental test” the term “mental test” in a publication. in a publication. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

18. 1895 Alfred Binet and Victor Henri publish articles calling for the measurement of cognitive abilities. Alfred Binet and Victor Henri publish articles calling for the measurement of cognitive abilities. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

19. 1896 Lightner Witmer establishes Lightner Witmer establishes the first psychological clinic in the United States, at the University of Pennsylvania. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

20. 1904 Charles/Carl Spearman student of Wilhelm Max Wundt at Leipzig begins the foundation for Test Reliability and Factor Analysis. Charles/Carl Spearman student of Wilhelm Max Wundt at Leipzig begins the foundation for Test Reliability and Factor Analysis. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

21. 1905 Alfered Binet and Theodore Simon published a 30-item “measuring scale of intelligence.” Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale launches a new era in measurement. Alfered Binet and Theodore Simon published a 30-item “measuring scale of intelligence.” Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale launches a new era in measurement. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

22. 1913 1913 John Watson publishes Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, which is known as the “Behaviorist Manifesto.” Galton  Nature-> heredity Watson  Nurture -> environment History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

23. Give me a dozen healthy infants, well- formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”  “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, well- formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” John Watson "Twelve infants" quotation

25. GOOD GENES IN A GOOD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: MAXIMUM POTENTIAL

26. GOOD GENES IN A BAD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: STOPS AT A POINT.

27. BAD GENES IN A GOOD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: PARTIAL GROWTH.

28. BAD GENES IN A BAD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: WILL NEVER MAKE IT.

29. 1913 1913 Swiss psychologist Herman Rorschach, publishes papers on how analysis of patients’ art-work can provide insights into personality. In 1921 he Swiss psychologist Herman Rorschach, publishes papers on how analysis of patients’ art-work can provide insights into personality. In 1921 he published his now famous monograph, psychodiagnostics, known as, the Rorschach Inkblot Test. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

30. 1914 1914 World War I serves as a boon to the testing movement since thousands of recruits must be quickly screened for intellectual functioning and emotional fitness. fitness. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

31. 1916 1916 Lewis Terman from Stanford University, publishes the Stanford-Binet the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. Intelligence Test. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

32.  1926 The development of Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) started and administered for the first time. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

33. 1927 1927 Charles/Carl Spearman publishes a two- factor theory of intelligence in which he postulates the existence of a general intellectual ability factor (g) and specific (s) components of that general ability. Charles/Carl Spearman publishes a two- factor theory of intelligence in which he postulates the existence of a general intellectual ability factor (g) and specific (s) components of that general ability. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

35. 1931 L.L.Thurstone publishes Multiple Factor Analysis. He created systems of equations L.L.Thurstone publishes Multiple Factor Analysis. He created systems of equations or “laws” to estimate scale or “laws” to estimate scale values for each stimulus. He also developed values for each stimulus. He also developed Agree-Disagree format Agree-Disagree format History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

36. 1935 Henry A. Murray published “Thematic Apperception Test.” The final version of the Henry A. Murray published “Thematic Apperception Test.” The final version of the test was published in 1943. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

37. 1938 According to the 1938 “Mental Measurement Year Book” at least 4,000 different psychological tests were in print at this year. According to the 1938 “Mental Measurement Year Book” at least 4,000 different psychological tests were in print at this year. Lauretta Bender published “A Visual Motor Gestalt Test.” Bender Gestalt II published in 2003. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

38. 1939 David "Wex" Wechsler “Wex-ler” from Bellevue Hospital in New York City introduces the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, designed to measure designed to measure adult intelligence. adult intelligence. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

39. 1940 World War II serves as a boon to the testing movement since thousands of recruits must be quickly screened for intellectual functioning and emotional fitness. World War II serves as a boon to the testing movement since thousands of recruits must be quickly screened for intellectual functioning and emotional fitness. Hathaway and McKinley Hathaway and McKinley developed MMPI developed MMPI History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

40. 1941 Raymond Cattell with the benefit of factor analysis as a statistical tool, introduces a theory of intelligence based on two general factors he calls “fluid intelligence” and “crystallized intelligence.” Raymond Cattell with the benefit of factor analysis as a statistical tool, introduces a theory of intelligence based on two general factors he calls “fluid intelligence” and “crystallized intelligence.” Later, he developed 16PF. Later, he developed 16PF. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

41. 1941 Fluid intelligence” involves being able to think, reason, and solve problems (short term memory/working memory). Fluid intelligence” involves being able to think, reason, and solve problems (short term memory/working memory). Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences (long term memory). History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

42. 1951 Test expert Lee Cronbach introduces “Coefficient Alpha” to measure test reliability. Test expert Lee Cronbach introduces “Coefficient Alpha” to measure test reliability. This formula which was the modification of KR-20 calculates the mean of all possible split-half test correlations (reliabilities). Later, it was corrected by Spearman- Brown Prophesy Formula. This formula which was the modification of KR-20 calculates the mean of all possible split-half test correlations (reliabilities). Later, it was corrected by Spearman- Brown Prophesy Formula.

43. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

44. 1954 The first edition of “Psychological Testing” The first edition of “Psychological Testing” by Ann Anastasi published. by Ann Anastasi published. Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget publishes Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget publishes his work on the development of his work on the development of cognition in children. cognition in children. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

45. 1963 Stanly Milgram publishes Stanly Milgram publishes “Behavioral Study of Obedience.” The experimental procedures and measurement methods of his work aroused many questioning on ethical grounds, and eventually lead to the establishment of APA Ethics Committees to oversee The experimental procedures and measurement methods of his work aroused many questioning on ethical grounds, and eventually lead to the establishment of APA Ethics Committees to oversee measurement procedures measurement procedures History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

46. E=Experimenter/Researcher/Authority T=Teacher/Subject L=Learner/confederate/Actor

47. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment 1975 1975 John Holland proposes a classification system consisting of six personality types based on corresponding interest patterns called “ Vocational Preference Inventory.” John Holland proposes a classification system consisting of six personality types based on corresponding interest patterns called “ Vocational Preference Inventory.”

49. History of Psychological Testing and Assessment 1993 The APA publishes “guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations.” The APA publishes “guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations.”