1. Fine Particle Characterisation and Source Apportionment in Manila and Hanoi from 2001-2005 Using Nuclear Techniques David Cohen ANSTO, Australia

2. This talk will discuss:-  Ion Beam Techniques- what are they?  PMF methods for source apportionment  Fine particle (PM2.5) masses/ sources in Manila and Hanoi during 2001-05. Further info can be found at our WEB site http://www.ansto.gov.au/nugeo/iba/ Nuclear Method for Fine Particle Characterisation

3. What is Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) Pass relativistic protons from accelerators through filters Nuclear Interactions;  -rays Scattering Recoil …. Atomic Interactions; X-rays Channelling Electrons….

4. STAR 2MV Tandetron ANSTO

5. Four techniques cover most of the periodic table from H to U

6. Accelerator Based Analyses Basic advantages include:  High sensitivity (count individual atoms)  Analyse small samples (pg) in few minutes  Multi-elemental – H to Pb in one measurement  Non-destructive so can use other techniques 100µg samples on air filters are ideally suited to these methods.

7. How to collect samples? Cyclone and Stacked filter samplers at Hong Kong Stacked filter heads Stacked filter cassette Clean and exposed filters 2.6MeV proton beam spot

8. Asian PM2.5 Sampling Sites (2001-2005) Hong Kong Cheju Is. Manila Hanoi Sado Is. Hong Kong Dust S

9. Dust Out of China in 2002

10. Fine Particle Mass PM 2.5 at Manila and Hanoi 2001-05 US EPA PM 2.5 annual goal 15µg/m 3, 24hr goal 65µg/m 3 Australia PM 2.5 annual goal 8µg/m 3, 24hr goal 25µm 3 Av.=(46±20)µg/m 3, max=260µg/m 3 Av.=(54±34)µg/m 3, max=222µg/m 3 New Year

11. Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) Recent source apportionment techniques provide powerful one step methods to determine source fingerprints and their contributions to the measured mass Sources (F ij ) and their contributions (G jk ) calculated directly from the original input data matrix (M jk ). M ik = F ij * G jk + err = * H to Pb 1 to 1 0 0 H to Pb 1 to 7 1 to 1 0 0 1 to 7

12. Typical Source Fingerprints Fij using IBA and PMF Wind Blown SoilSecondary Sulfur Diesel/ Oil burningBlack carbon, soot

13. Typical Source Fingerprints using IBA and PMF Coal burning (Sea)Ca based Industry Automobiles Smoke, biomass burning

14. Site%Sea%2ndry S %Auto, Ind,Diesel, Soot %Soil%Smoke Manila 7 Factors 1.1±2.2%20±11%60±13%2.6±2%17±11% Hanoi 10 Factors -21±10%58±13%9.0±5%12±6% Mean Percentage Source Contributions at Manila and Hanoi 2001-2005

15. Soil-Sulfate Transport to Hanoi HYSPLIT 4 day back trajectories calculated every 4 hours

16. Long Range Transport of Fine Sulfates HYSPLIT 5 day back trajectories every 4 hours for 12 to 14 Oct 04 show high sulfur measured on 13 Oct 04 at Manila may originate from long range transport from South Korea. Similar long range patterns were observed for October of 2003.

17. Summary Accelerator based IBA techniques, in particular, are ideal for generating large data sets containing many elements needed for characterisation and source modeling of air pollution. 20-40 elements are not uncommon. The larger the number of elements the better the sources are characterised. Generally nuclear analytical methods are accurate, precise, fast and non destructive on microgram- picogram samples. In many cases this is the only way this data can be obtained!

18. Acknowledgements Our collaborators; Vuong Thu Bac at Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology, Hanoi, and Flora Santos at Philippines for Nuclear Research Institute, Manila All the IBA accelerator staff at ANSTO