1. FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2

2. 2 Chem review Chemical bonding (its all about the electrons) water and polarity (like dissolves like) pH - acids and bases (7 is neutral) organic chemistry (4 bonds on every carbon)

3. 3 Chemical Building Blocks Atoms- smallest functional unit of matter Elements/Isotopes (dif #s of neutrons) Molecules - covalently bonded atoms Compounds - mixed bonded atoms

4. 4 Atomic Structure Proton +charge Neutron 0 Electron -

5. 5 Atomic Properties Atomic Number Atomic Weight Moles

6. 6 Chemical Bonds — Ionic

7. 7 Chemical Bonds — Covalent

8. 8 Chemical Bonds — Hydrogen

9. 9 Chemical Reactions Catabolic - break down (usually gives off energy) Anabolic - build up (usually requires energy)

10. 10 Important Biological Molecules Water

11. 11 Important Biological Molecules Solutions/Colloids Acids/Bases

12. 12 Organic Molecules — Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

13. 13 Organic Molecules — Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

14. 14 Organic Molecules — Lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Sterols

15. 15 Organic Molecules — Lipids

16. 16 Organic Molecules — Proteins Amino Acids

17. 17 Protein Structure Primary Secondary Tertiary

18. 18 Protein Structure (cont.) Quaternary

19. 19 Organic Molecules — Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

20. 20 Organic Molecules — Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

21. 21 Organic Molecules — Nucleic Acids Polymer structure

22. 22 Functional groups Alcohol -OH Ether R-O-R Ester Ketone Aldehyde

23. 23 3 Carbon molecules 1-propanol 2-propanol Alcohols Ethers Ethyl methyl ether Propanoic acid Esters Methyl ethanoate Ethyl methanoate Acids

24. 24 3 Carbon molecules Aldehydes Amines Ketones propanal2-propanone propylamine ethylmethylamine trimethylamine Amides propanamide CHCH 3 NH 2 CH 3 isopropylamine

25. 25 2 Carbon molecules AlcoholsEthers EstersAcids ethanol dimethyl ether ethanoic acid methyl methanoate Aldehydes ethanal No ketones are possible (3 C minimum) Ketones AminesAmides dimethylamine ethylamine ethanamide

26. 26 4C carboxylic acids butanoic acid isobutanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid

27. 27 Chemistry and Microbiology Charges on Molecule/ pH Polarity of Molecule/Hydrophobicity RedOx/electron transfer

28. 28 Change in pH effects charges

29. 29 Like dissolves Like Nonpolar molecules

30. 30 How Soap Works

31. 31 ReDox (Reduction Oxidation)

32. 32 ReDox (Reduction Oxidation)