ALIGNMENT.

Name: ALIGNMENT.
Uploaded: 2017-07-03T05:40:47+00:00
Duration: PTM52S7
Channel: Ann Douglas
Description: ALIGNMENT.

ALIGNMENT

1- Introduction

What is shaft alignment
It is collinear of two center lines Shaft alignment is the proper positioning of the shaft centerlines of the driver and driven components (i.e., pumps, gearboxes, etc.) that make up the machine drive train. Alignment is accomplished either through shimming and/or moving a machine component. Its objective is to obtain a common axis of rotation at operating equilibrium for two coupled shafts or a train of coupled shafts.

Why it is important to make shaft alignment?
Shafts must be aligned as perfectly as possible to maximize equipment reliability and life, particularly for high-speed equipment. Alignment is important for directly coupled shafts, as well as coupled shafts of machines that are separated by distance spool (those using flexible couplings). It is important because misalignment can introduce a high level of vibration, cause bearings to run hot, and result in the need for frequent repairs. Proper alignment reduces power consumption and noise level, and helps to achieve the design life of bearings, seals, and couplings.

2-Types Of Couplings

1 -Rigid Couplings : It is a metal to metal contact (%100 collinear)
2 -Flexible Couplings * Spacer with shims * Gear * Grid * Rubber * Others * Torque converter Alignment

It is collinear of two center lines
Motor Equipment Coupling

Pump Grouting Special grouting concrete

1 -Rigid Couplings 2 –Flexible Couplings Equipment Driver Equipment
*Spacer with shims Equipment Driver

*Spacer with shims

Spacer is not connected directly to both hubs, but through the shims
*Spacer with shims Spacer is not connected directly to both hubs, but through the shims Driver Equipment

*Gear Equipment Driver

*Grid Equipment Driver

Torque converter Stationary Guide wheel Liquid Turbine Secondary Shaft
Primary Shaft Packing Cooling water Pump Impeller

Pumps Turbine MOTION MOTION HYDRAULIC ENERGY HYDRAULIC ENERGY

Normal speed Lower speed Higher speed Guide Blades

Guide Vanes

3- Alignment Preparation check list

Alignment Preparation check list
Description Comments OK N/A Confirm that alignment procedures, dimensional offsets and tolerances are dictated by manufacturer and adhered to the 1 Confirm the foundation grouting& anchor bolts are prepared correctly for specific equipment. 2 3 Confirm soft foot under driver checked & corrected. Confirm coupling gap checked prior to final alignment 4 5 Shaft & Coupling Run outs Complete. (refer to vendor manual for acceptable limits): Motor shaft run out → Pump shaft run out → Pump coupling hub run out → Pump coupling hub face run out →

Description Comments OK N/A 6
Confirm the vendor thermal growth correctly for specific equipment (in case of hot fluid pumping) 6 Determine the thermal growth if it is not allowable in the vendor document 7 Determine mechanical centre 8 9 Determine Magnetic centre. Confirm proper tight for the dial indicator holder and holding rods 10 Confirm the dial indicator is rotated from the top position to the bottom position during the alignment procedure. 11 Confirm the proper dial indicators position during the reversal alignment procedure . 12

Alignment Handing over check list

Handing over check list
Comments OK N/A Confirm driver has been installed and initial alignment completed and accepted. 13 14 Confirm suction and discharge nozzles are installed as per design and alignment is correct and stress free. Confirm pipe strain checked and corrected. 15 Confirm free rotation and correct direction is clearly marked. 16 Confirm bearings and seals are clean and free from damage 17 Confirm coupling hubs are clean damage free and match marked. Confirm that after final code alignment with pipe work is connected, the misalignment tolerance is maintained after releasing spring pipe supports . 18 19 Ensure guards are fitted and in accordance with area design requirements Date Sign Organization Name and ID No Completions Acceptance Quality Inspection Inspected/Checked By Completed By

CHAPTER 2 1-Types of Alignment

Parallel misalignment
Vertical Driver Equipment OR Horizontal

Angular Misalignment Vertical Equipment OR Driver Horizontal

Correcting of Misalignment
I- Vertical Plane A- Parallel Misalignment Equipment Shims

I- Vertical Plane B- Angular Misalignment Equipment Shims

II- HORIZONTAL Plane A- Parallel Misalignment 28

II- HORIZONTAL Plane A- Parallel Misalignment 3 1 29 4 2

II- HORIZONTAL Plane B- Angular Misalignment 1 3 30 4 2

1 3 31 2 4

1 3 32 2 4

2- Dial indicators Types and
Functions.

Dial indicators Types and Functions
1- Balanced-Type Negative direction Stem moves out positive direction Stem moves in -10 10 -20 20 -30 30 40 40 -50 50

2 - Continuous Type Small needle 10 190 20 180 30 170 40 160 50 150
140 60 130 70 120 80 110 90 100

1- Preparation on Alignment
CHAPTER 3 1- Preparation on Alignment

Measure and correct * Pipe strain * Soft foot * Run out
* Thermal growth *Mechanical centre * Magnetic centre

* Pipe strain Maximum in X PLANT LINE EQUIPMENT PLANT LINE

* Soft foot Maximum “ One driver leg is not settled on the base

* Run out Maximum “ EQUIPMENT SHAFT

* Thermal growth for hot liquid pumps
1- Apply the alignment procedure for the pump at ambient Temp. 2- Heat up the pump by opening the start up bypass for ½ hrs. 3- Put the dial indicator on the coupling rim and adjust to zero reading 4- close the bypass 5- Take the dial indicator reading after 24 hrs. 6- This reading is the thermal growth 7- Add the thermal growth reading as a shims under the driver legs X = Thermal growth Equipment Driver

* Thermal growth for Compressors
1- Apply the alignment for the compressor at ambient Temp. 2- Go to manufacturer catalogue and read the thermal growth amount. 3- Add the thermal growth reading as a shims under the driver legs After minutes of Starting Driver Equipment X = Thermal growth

will be in all directions
This design is to avoid any thermal growth As thermal expansion will be in all directions Equipment Cooling water 43

Electrical motors have no thrust bearings
*Magnetic centre. Electrical motors have no thrust bearings as they have instead a magnetic center Magnet Run the motor Driver Magnetic centre 44

The attachment that will be used
Measurement of bar sag. The attachment that will be used SAG Steel block Piece of Pipe Bar Sag on 12 O'clock Position

Piece of Pipe SAG SAG

2-How To Do Alignment

does not move around the rim
Gauge Pointer does not move around the rim Motor and Equipment shaft Rotate in the same time Equipment Driver 48

Driver Equipment Driver Equipment

x Dial indicator VERTICAL READINGS Parallel reading 2x Parallel actual
misalignment x

If both shafts rotate or one shaft rotates, the dial indicator
HORIZONTAL READINGS Parallel actual misalignment x If both shafts rotate or one shaft rotates, the dial indicator reading is the same, and is equal to double value of the actual Misalignment amount 2x

1-Reversal Alignment F Inboard Out board Equipment Driver D1 M D2 D3

PARALELL READINGS Movable Fixed 12 Ock 12 Ock 36 64 6 Ock 54 6 Ock

PARALELL READINGS Movable Fixed 12 Ock 12 Ock 40 20 6 Ock 55 6 Ock

1-Reversal Alignment Calculation Method
CHAPTER 4 1-Reversal Alignment Calculation Method

{ { { { F M } } } } D 1 = D 2 = D 3 = = + FV = + FV = + FH = + FH 64
36 20 40 64 D 1 = D 2 = D 3 = Sag = ( 0 ) MH / 2 +20 / 2 FH 10 MV +32 / 2 / 2 18 FV VERTICALLY INBOARD + FV { = MV - FV } D 2 D 1 OUTBOARD + FV { = MV - FV } D 3 D 1 HORIZONTALLY D 1 INBOARD + FH { = MH - FH } D 2 OUTBOARD + FH { = MH - FH } D 3 D 1 Mils

{ = } = D 2 = + FV D 1 MV- FV } MV- FV D2 58 X D2 INBOARD = X + FV
VERTICALLY INBOARD = X FV X = D2 D1 MV- FV INBOARD + FV { = MV - FV } D 2 D 1 D2 D1 MV- FV X = } MV- FV X Inboard FV MV FV F M D1 D2 58

{ = } = D 3 = + FV D 1 MV- FV } 59 Y D3 D1 MV- FV MV - FV D3 D1 Y
VERTICALLY OUTBOARD = Y FV Y = D3 D1 MV- FV OUTBOARD + FV { = MV - FV } D 3 D 1 D3 D1 MV- FV Y = } MV- FV Y Out board FV FV MV F M D1 D3 59

{ } { { { F M } } } D1 = 4 in D2 = 8 in D3 = 16 in Sag = ( 0 ) =
36 20 40 64 D1 = 4 in D2 = 8 in D3 = 16 in Sag = ( 0 ) MH / 2 +20 / 2 FH 10 MV +32 / 2 / 2 18 FV VERTICALLY INBOARD + 18 = + 46 { = 32 -18 } 8 4 OUTBOARD + 18 = + 74 { = } 16 4 HORIZONTALLY 4 INBOARD + 10 = + 30 { = 20 -10 } 8 OUTBOARD { = } 16 4 Mils + 10 = + 50

2-Reversal Alignment Graphical Method

Vertically 62 Outboard Inboard Remove shims Add shims MV (+) FV F D1

EXAMPLE FV = 18 mils MV = 32 mils Remove shims F M Add shims Outboard
4 in Inboard 18 mils Remove shims F M Add shims 8 in 16 in

Horizontally Outboard F FH D3 Inboard D2 M MH D1 64 5/3/2006

EXAMPLE FH = 10 mils MH = 20mils Outboard Inboard 4 in 20 mils 10 mils

3-Reversal Alignment Software

Rim and Face Alignment P A X Y P = Parallel Reading
A = Angular Reading P D/2 A Equipment Driver Inboard X Out board Y

OR Inboard Out board X Y Driver D / 2 Equipment A P 68

PARALELL READING VERTICAL HORIZONTAL 12 Ock 9 Ock. 3 Ock 6 Ock 69

ANGULAR READING VERTICAL 12 Ock X 6 Ock 70

ANGULAR READING HORIZONTAL 3 Ock X 9 Ock 71

1-Rim and Face Alignment Calculation Method
CHAPTER 5 1-Rim and Face Alignment Calculation Method

P A P = PARALLEL READING A = ANGULAR READING CALCULATION METHOD - 14
-6 - 14 A -16 + 8 P = PARALLEL READING A = ANGULAR READING

AV PV AV – PV = D = – PV D = X INBOARD Y OUTBOARD AV PV VERTICALLY PV
Inboard –pv INBOARD X D AV – PV Mils = = AV D OUTBOARD = D AV – PV Mils Y PV AV PV Inboard Outboard D X PV Y

X = Y = D = Sag = - 1 P A AV D AV – PV = = D – PV D AH – PH = = D AH
-14 +8 -7 PH / 2 -6 -16 VERTICALLY INBOARD X D AV – PV Mils = AH +8 SAG = +1 -2 -3 / 2 PV -16 AV OUTBOARD = D AV – PV Mils Y HORIZONTALLY INBOARD X D AH – PH Mils = OUTBOARD = Y D AH – PH Mils 75

X = 4 in Y = 12 in D = 4 in Sag = -1 P A { } { } { } { } VERTICALLY
-14 +8 -7 PH / 2 -6 -16 AH +8 VERTICALLY SAG = +1 -2 -3 / 2 PV -16 AV INBOARD { 4 -16 } – (-2) = -14 = 12 4 OUTBOARD = { -16 } – (-2) = -46 HORIZONTALLY INBOARD { 4 8 } – (-7 ) = +15 = 12 4 OUTBOARD = { 8 } – (-7) = + 31 Mils 76

2- Rim and Face Alignment
Graphical Method

Vertically Outboard PV Inboard PV X AV (-) D Y PV

PV EXAMPLE PV = - 2 AV = -16 D = 4 X = 4 Y = 12 AV = - 16 mils
Outboard PV = - 2 AV = mils PV = mils PV = - 2 Inboard X = 4 AV = -16 D = 4 Y = 12

Horizontally PH AH D X Inboard PH Outboard PH Y 80

EXAMPLE PH = - 7 PH = - 7 mils AH = + 8 mils AH = +8 X = 4 D = 4
Inboard PH =-7 Outboard Y = 12

Horizontally If PH = +7 Inboard Outboard AH = +8 D = 4 Y = 12 X = 4
INCHES Outboard Inboard + 7

3-Rim and Face Alignment Software

CHAPTER 6 1- Optical Alignment

Optical Alignment F M Transducer Reflector Inboard Out board Equipment
Driver

Reflector Shaft Bracket Bracket Chain SIDE VIEW

Bracket Chain Shaft HRIZONTAL ANGLE VERTICAL POSITION 90 PRISM
ADJUSTTMENT 90 PRISM VERTICAL POSITION ADJUSTTMENT Bracket Shaft Chain

Transducer GREEN LED: INDICATES BEAM ADJUSTEMENT RED LED: LASER ON
WARNING HOUSING MARK = CENTER OF BRACKET POSTS LOCKING KNOB SCRATCH-RESISTANCE LENS POEWR DATA CABLE

REFLECTOR 1- PRESS and remove transducer cap.
-The laser beam now is on. -Leave the reflector cap on for now. -Beam strikes the cap, it should be visible. - Hold a sheet of paper to locate the beam M Rotate the side thumb Wheel to raise or lower the reflector This lever to lock The reflector position

REFLECTOR HORIZONTAL ADJUSTMENT VERTICAL ADJUSTMENT

OFF Beam misses detector Red Blinks quickly Green Is OFF
END Beam hits non linearized area of detector Red & Green Blinks quickly Alternatively END COORDINATES Beam hits area of detector Red & Green Blinks Slowly Together -2 1

1- PREPARING FOR ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE
a- Solid flat foundation b- Machine mobility ( 2 mm higher & screw type positioning ) c- Soft foot ( Must be checked immediately) d- Thermal growth

HORIZONTAL MACHINE ALIGNMENT
Select Cycle through with and DIM 1-Transducer to reflector 2-Transducer to coupling center 3-Coupling diameter 4-RPM 5-Transducer to front feet 6- Front feet to rear feet

DIM CONFIRM EACH ENTERY WITH ENT 1 2 3 4 RPM 5 6

DIM 1-Transducer to reflector 2-Transducer to coupling center 120 60
mm 2-Transducer to coupling center 60 mm

DIM 3- Coupling diameter D 4-Transducer to front foot, right m/c 180
mm

DIM BEAM DEFLECTOR

DIM 5-Front foot to back foot , right m/c

5-Laser beam adjusting M 1- PRESS and remove transducer cap.
-The laser beam now is on. -Leave the reflector cap on for now. -Beam strikes the cap, it should be visible. - Hold a sheet of paper to locate the beam M Rotate the side thumb Wheel to raise or lower the reflector This lever to lock The reflector position

CHAPTER 7 Case Studies For Alignment Failure

A- Bearings Failure

RADIAL BEARING THRUST BEARING ball Bearings roller Bearings Tilting pad Bearings

Thrust Ball Bearings DRIVE END NON-DRIVE END HANGED BEAM IMPELLER

Thrust Ball Bearings

MECHANICAL SEAL BEARING HOUSING

Thrust Load Radial Load

Thrust Pad Bearings DRIVE END NON-DRIVE END IN-BETWEEN TWO
BEARINGS IMPELLER

Mechanical seal and bearings arrangement
Equipment

THRUST PAD BEARING THRUST SHOES THRUST COLLAR

THRUST SHOES LEVEL PLATES BASE RING CASING SHAFT THRUSTCOLLAR

Titan 130 Thrust Bearing

Radial Tilt-Pad Bearing

RADIAL TILTING PAD BEARING CASING SHAFT Radial Load

Oil Wedge Friction Effect Oil Wedge Effect Shaft

Oil Wedge Oil adhere to the rotating shaft Oil squeeze between
shaft and bearing pad forming a solid oil wedge Oil adhere to the rotating shaft

RADIAL TILTING PAD BEARING
SHAFT PIN OIL CASING

B- Pumps Cavitations Failure

CAVITATION OCCURS IN PUMPS NPSHA < NPSHR WHEN

CAVITATION CAN OCCUR in CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS AND POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

What is cavitations phenomenon
It is an action of fluid vapor attack on the parts of equipment which produce suction pressure less than vapor pressure of the pumped fluid.

This action will cause:
loss of the weakest component element of suction parts material due to bubble explosion on the surface of suction parts causing cavities . Vapor bubble explosion on the parts surface could be 10,000 psi.

Pump suction parts cavities Pump suction parts After attack
FLUID VAPOR BUBBLES Pump suction parts Pump suction parts After attack cavities

SUCTION PARTS MATERIAL
LOST ELEMENTS IN SUCTION PARTS THE WEAKEST ELEMENT ( LOST ELEMENT ) SUCTION PARTS MATERIAL CARBON STEEL CAST IRON STIANLESS STEEL CARBON ZINC BRONZ BRASS

Cavitations effect on an impeller, indicated by the cavities
appearance of cavitated regions on the surface

Damage to the pressure side of the vane from discharge recirculation

What is Cavitations Effect
1- CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS Impeller deterioration Decrease discharge pressure Decrease pump flow rate Increase vibration level Bearings & M/S failure

Decrease pump flow rate
2- RECIPROCATING PUMPS Suction valve deteriorations Spring Rupture Decrease discharge pressure Decrease pump flow rate Cylinder Head Damage Piston Damage

NPSH NPSHA > NPSHR 1- NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD REQUIRED
YOU CAN GET FROM PUMP MANUAL 2- NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD AVAILABLE YOU CAN CALCULATE FROM PUMP SITE TO AVOID SUCTION CAVITATION AND FOR SAFE OPERATION NPSHA > NPSHR

What is the parameters affecting NPSHA
SUCTION PIPE LENGTH SUCTION PIPE DIAMETER LIQUID SPECIFIC GRAVITY INTERNAL SURFACE OF SUCTION PIPE LIQUID SURFACE ALTITUDE VAPOR CONTAMINATION SUCTION PIPE LEAKS SUCTION PRESSURE LIQUID TEMPERATURE LIQUID VISCOCITY LIQUID VAPOR PRESURE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

HOW TO IMPROVE NPSHA SHORTEN THE SUCTION PIPE LENGTH
INCREASE SUCTION PIPE SIZE DECREASE SUCTION LIQUID TEMP. DECREASE SUCTION NEGATIVE ALTITUDE INCREASE SUCTION POSITIVE ALTITUDE STOP THE PIPING SUCTION LEAKS RENEW THE SUCTION PIPE

PVS PS v Z Z liquid surface height ft PSV
NET POSITIVE (+) SUCTION HEAD Z liquid surface height ft Vessel pressure psig PSV PS Pump suction pressure psig V liquid velocity ft/sec Pf Friction Pressure drop psi Pa Atm. Pressure psi Vp Vapor pressure psia liquid specific gravity Sp.gr h L Suction head loss ft g ft/sec.sec

EQUATION & DIMENTIONS hL Z - NPSHA = ( ft ) V 2 { P sva – Vp } 2.31 +
2g Sp.gr 2 V 2 2 ft ft sec 2 = sec = = ( ft ) 2g ft ft 2 2 sec sec Lb 3 P ft ft 2 = = = ( ft ) Sp.g Lb ft 2 3 ft

NPSHA IS NOT OR PS THE SUCTION GAUGE PRESSURE LIQUID LEVEL IN
PVS Z LIQUID LEVEL IN THE SUCTION VESSEL

PVS General Equation NPSHA = Z 1 Z + V 2g 2 { (P vs +Pa) – Vp } 2.31
Sp.gr - hL NPSHA =

Ps hL hL - + + - P sva Z = Psa P sva IF The Suction pressure is known
Sp.gr P sva V 2g 2 { – Vp } 2.31 P sva Psa Z + + - hL NPSHA = Sp.gr

NPSHA = PS + If The Suction pressure is known { Psa – Vp } 2.31 V 2g 2
Sp.gr ( ft ) NPSHA =

Boiled water Positive Reading PS Z Z < hL CAVITATION OCCURED

PS PVS Negative Pressure NO CAVITATION PS Z < 6m ATMS

SUCTION NEGATIVE ALTIDUDE NOT MORE THAN
FOR ANY TYPE OF PUMPS Practically PS - Z = 6 mt of water ATMS SUCTION NEGATIVE ALTIDUDE NOT MORE THAN 6 METERS

ATMOSPHERIC 10,033 mt PRESSURE 76 Cm water ATMS ATMS OF WATER SPACE
MERCURY water ATMS ATMS

Pump Eff.= 100% VACUUM PS v PS 10,033 mt OF WATER v PS ATMS

H ft Q g.p.m. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS LOSSES FRICTION LOSS EDDY LOSS
LEAK LOSS H ft THEORITICAL CURVE HEAT LOSS ACTUAL CURVE Q g.p.m.

PS v PS 6 mt WATER v PS

2- Take off the heating source, simultaneously close valve 1.
VAPOR PRESSURE FIG-1 1 P T 1 T P FIG-2 1- Heat up a little of water in a pot up to boiling point 100 C ( valve 1 is opened) 2- Take off the heating source, simultaneously close valve 1.

P Absolute Cool Down P Gauge
Closed T P Gauge Cool Down 3- During cooling down, Start to record the P Gauge relevant to Temp. 4- Apply Absolute pressure Equation . P Absolute P Gauge (bar)

Vapor Pressure pressure. Temp C Vapor Pressure ( bar ) absolute
P Gauge ( bar ) absolute Vapor Pressure 5- Record the Absolute Liquid vapor pressure. Vapor Pressure P Gauge Temp C 100 1 95 - 0.1 0.9 - 0.3 0.7 90 80 - 0.5 0.5 - 0.7 70 0.3 15 - 0.98 0.02

The absolute pressure exerted by the equilibrium
Vapor Pressure The absolute pressure exerted by the equilibrium vapor of a liquid when confined in a closed Previously evacuated tank GPSA 1-7 Liquid vapor Liquid T = CONSTANT

hL + - = + - 12 = = + 27 ( ft ) { (Psv + Pa) – Vp } 2.31 Z
Examples Crude oil level is 8 feet above center line of a pump , Vessel pressure is Atmospheric Vp is 4 psia Sp gr. is Friction loss : 12 ft of liquid Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia ( Neglect velocity head ( Solution NPSHA Z + { (Psv + Pa) – Vp } 2.31 Sp.gr - hL = 8 + { 14.7 – 4 } 2.31 0.8 - 12 = = = ( ft ) Compare with NPSHR

Crude oil level is 8 feet above center line
Examples Crude oil level is 8 feet above center line of a pump , Vessel pressure is Atmospheric Vp is 14 psia Sp gr. is Friction loss : 2 ft of liquid Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia ( Neglect velocity head ( Solution NPSHA Z + { (Psv+ Pa) – Vp } 2.31 Sp.gr - hL = 8 + { 14.7 – 14 } 2.31 0.85 - 2 = = = ( ft ) Compare with NPSHR

Compare with NPSHR Solution Examples negative If the liquid level
Z = ft , Friction loss is 1 ft of liquid , Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 Psia. at 150 F , water sp gr. is 982 . ( Neglect velocity head ( ,Vp = 3.7 psia FIND NPSHA Solution NPSHA ( Pa – Vp ) 2.31 hL Sp gr . Z ( ft ) = + ( 14.7 – 3.7) 2.31 1 0.982 -12 ( ft ) = + = ( ft ) Compare with NPSHR

= = + Solution { (Ps + Pa) – Vp } 2.31 NPSHA { ( 14.7 - 5 ) – 4 } 2.31
Examples If crude pump suction pressure is – 5 psig Vp. is 4 psia Sp gr. is 0.8 , Atmospheric pressure is psia. ( Neglect velocity head ( FIND NPSHA Solution NPSHA ( ft ) = Sp.gr { (Ps + Pa) – Vp } 2.31 + ( ft ) = { ( ) – 4 } 2.31 0.8 = ( ft ) Compare with NPSHR

= = = ( - 6.6 ) ( ft ) { (Ps + Pa) – Vp } 2.31 NPSHA
Examples If crude pump suction pressure is – 5 psig Vp. is 12 psia Sp gr. is 0.8, Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. negative ( Neglect velocity head ( FIND NPSHA Solution NPSHA ( ft ) = Sp.gr { (Ps + Pa) – Vp } 2.31 ( ft ) = { ( ) – 12 } 2.31 0.8 = ( ) ( ft ) Compare with NPSHR

Solution Compare with NPSHR Examples
If the liquid is butane and level is z = - 8 ft System pressure is 60 psia. Temperature is 90 F ( Neglect velocity head ( Vp = 44 psia at 90 F, butane sp.gr is 0.58 Friction loss : 12 ft of liquid, FIND NPSHA Solution NPSHA ( Psva – Vp ) 2.31 hL Sp gr . Z ( ft ) = + ( 60 – 44 ) 2.31 hL 0.58 . - 8 ( ft ) = + = ft Compare with NPSHR

Solution Examples If crude pump suction pressure is +1 psig
Vp. is 13 psia Sp gr. is 0.85, Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. ( Neglect velocity head ( FIND NPSHA Solution NPSHA ( ft ) = Sp.gr { Psa – Vp } 2.31 ( ft ) = { ( ) – 13 } 2.31 0.85 = ( ft ) Compare with NPSHR

ALIGNMENT.

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