1. Benchmark and CRCT Notes (for Folder) Benchmark on Thursday Oct 3 rd !!!

2. JUST THE STANDARDS PLEASE!

3.  S8P1a. Distinguish between atoms and molecules.  S8P1b. Describe the difference between pure substances, elements, compounds and mixtures.

4.  S8P1c. Describe the movement of particles in solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states.  S8P1d. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter as physical (i.e., density, melting point, boiling point) or chemical (i.e. reactivity, combustibility).

5.  S8P1e. Distinguish between changes in matter as physical (i.e., physical change) or chemical (development of a gas, formation of precipitate, and change in color).  S8P1f. Recognize that there are more than 100 elements and some have similar properties as shown on the Periodic Table of Elements.  S8P1g. Identify and demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter.

6. PERIODIC TABLE REVIEW

7. Atoms contain protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in a cloud around the nucleus. An element is made of atoms that have the same number of protons. Nucleus represents most of the atom’s mass. The rest of the atom is empty except for the electrons. Electrons are arranged 2 (1 st ) – 8 (2 nd ) – 18(3 rd ) - 32 (4 th ) (energy levels) – Although energy levels can hold many electrons, elements are considered stable when there are 8 electrons in the outermost energy level.

8. Atoms contain protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in a cloud around the nucleus. An element is made of atoms that have the same number of protons. Electrons in the level closest to the nucleus have the lowest amount of energy and are said to be in energy level one. Electrons farthest from the nucleus have the highest amount of energy and are the easiest to remove..

9. Atoms contain protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in a cloud around the nucleus. An element is made of atoms that have the same number of protons. The closer a negatively charged electron is to the positively charged nucleus, the more strongly it is attracted to the nucleus. Therefore, removing electrons that are close to the nucleus takes more energy than removing those that are farther away from the nucleus.

10. Atoms contain protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in a cloud around the nucleus. An element is made of atoms that have the same number of protons. Periods (horizontal rows) indicate how many energy levels an element has. Each period in the periodic table ends with a stable element. The number of protons and electrons is always the same for a neutral atom of a given element.

11. Vertical columns are groups or families. Members of element families have similar characteristics because they have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level. Nobel Gases (group 18) have 8 valence electrons. Their energy levels are stable, so they do not easily combine with other elements.

12. Halogens (group 17) need only 1 electron to obtain a stable outer energy level. The easier it is for a halogen to gain this electron, the more reactive it is. The reactivity of the halogens decrease down the group as the outer energy levels of each element’s atoms get farther from the nucleus.

13. Alkali Metals – (group 1) have one valence electron. The easier it is to move an electron, the more reactive it is. Unlike halogens, the reactivities of alkali metals increase down the group.

14. Elements in the higher numbered periods are more reactive than elements in the lowered numbered periods. Less energy is needed to remove an electron from an energy level that is farther from the nucleus than to remove one from an energy level that is closer to the nucleus.

15. Question and Answer 1.An unknown element in Group 2 has a total number of 12 electrons and two electrons in its outer level. What is it? 2.Name the element that has eight electrons, six of which are in its outer level. 3.Silicon has a total of 14 electrons, four in its outer level, and three energy levels. What group does silicon belong to? 4.Three elements have the same number of electrons in their outer energy levels. One is oxygen. Using the periodic table, what might the other two be.

16. Question and Answer 1.An unknown element in Group 2 has a total number of 12 electrons and two electrons in its outer level. What is it? Magnesium 2.Name the element that has eight electrons, six of which are in its outer level. Oxygen 3.Silicon has a total of 14 electrons, four in its outer level, and three energy levels. What group does silicon belong to? Group 14 4.Three elements have the same number of electrons in their outer energy levels. One is oxygen. Using the periodic table, what might the other two be. ANY of the Following: S, Se, Te, Po

17. Periodic Table Review  Why are the elements on the far right side of the periodic table the LEAST reactive?

18. Periodic Table Review  Why are the elements on the far right side of the periodic table the LEAST reactive? BECAUSE THESE ARE YOUR NOBLE GASES And THEY DO NOT GAIN, LOSE OR SHARE ELECTRONS!

19. Periodic Table Review  Why are the elements on the far left side of the periodic table very reactive?

20.  Why are the elements on the far left side of the periodic table the most reactive?  Because they are in GROUP 1 and have 1 electron in their outer shell or energy  level!

21. Elements you need to know!  Sodium, Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Helium, Chlorine, Sulfur

22. Periodic Table Review What do all these Elements have in common?

23. Periodic Table Review HINT: What group are they all in?

24. Periodic Table Review Groups are sometimes know as families. They have similar characteristics.

25. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM Atoms make up e - - - - - - s. E - - - - - - s make up c- - - - - - -s. Two or more atoms joined together are called m - - - - - - - s. The atom is made mostly of empty s- - - -.

26. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM Atoms make up elements. Elements make up compounds. Two or more atoms joined together in a covalent bond are called molecules. The atom is made mostly of empty space.

27. How many different types of atoms are there in the following three molecules? F 2 NH 3 H 2 O

28. How many different types of atoms are there in the following three molecules? F 2 NH 3 H 2 O Flourine Nitrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen

29.  What is the difference between a chemical and physical property?

30. Physical properties of a substance can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. A chemical property is a substances ability to change into another substance. Unlike a physical change, a chemical change involves changing one substance into a different substance.

31. A chemical property is a substances ability to change into another substance  Reactivity  EXAMPLE: Why is a fiberglass boat hull better than one made of a metal? A metal boat will rust over time, whereas a fiberglass one will not.

32. What state are you in??

33. Possible Sentences for The State of Matter –  Group Terms in related pairs  Write sentences using word pairs

34. Possible Sentences for The State of Matter –  Gas  Melting  Freezing  Vaporization  Evaporation  Boiling  Condensation  Sublimation  Pressure  Solid  Liquid  Fluid  Surface Tension  Viscosity  Boyle’s Law  Charles’s Law

35. The particles in solids, liquids and gases are always in motion.  The state of matter depends on the motion of the particles and on the attractions between them.  Solids have a definite shape and volume. The particles in a solid vibrate.

36. The particles in solids, liquids and gases are always in motion.  Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape. The particles in a liquid move more freely than the particles in a solid. Liquids have viscosity and surface tension.

37. The particles in solids, liquids and gases are always in motion.  Gases have no definite shape or volume. The particles in a gas are much farther apart than those in a liquid or solid.

38. Physical properties of a substance can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. Density = mass/volume State of matter Other: length, width, height, (meter, m) volume (liters, l), mass (gram, g) color

39. When matter changes states, its thermal energy changes  Changes between the solid and liquid states: Melting, Freezing  Changes between the liquid and gas states: Vaporization, Condensation.

40. When matter changes states, its thermal energy changes  Changes between the solid and gas states: Sublimation  Important things to remember:  Boiling occurs below the surface of a liquid. Evaporation occurs at the surface.

41.  When there is a chemical change, what types of evidence will you notice?

42. Signs of a Chemical Change  Production of an Odor  Change in Temperature  Change in color  Formation of Bubbles  Formation of a Solid (precipitate)

43. If you observe two or more of these signs during a change, you most likely are observing a chemical change!

44. Physical Properties  What is density?  If I had 1 gram of Fe and 5 grams of Fe, would the density change?

45. Compounds contain different types of atoms bonded together  An atom that is no longer neutral that has lost or gained an electron is called an Ion. A sodium ion is represented by the symbol Na+ and Cl ¯.

46. Compounds contain different types of atoms bonded together  The positive Na ion and the negative Cl ion are strongly attracted to each other. They will form an Ionic bond.

47. Compounds contain different types of atoms bonded together  A compound is a pure substance containing two or more elements that are chemically bonded.  A metallic bond forms when valence electrons move freely between metal atoms.

48. Compounds contain different types of atoms bonded together  When atoms of elements become stable by sharing electrons they chemical bond they form is called covalent. The neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons is called a molecule.

49. Mixtures contain different substances mixed together.  A type of mixture where the substances are not mixed evenly is called a heterogeneous mixture. EXAMPLES: a bowl of cold cereal with milk, a mixture of pens, pencils and books in your backpack.

50. Mixtures contain different substances mixed together.  A Homogeneous mixture contains two or more substances evenly mixed on a molecular level but still are not bonded together. AKA (also known as) a SOLUTION. EXAMPLE: Sugar and water in a frozen pop.

51. Mixtures contain different substances mixed together.  Solutions have Solute (what is being dissolved) and Solvent (the substance that dissolves the solute.

52. Examples of Common Solutions  Earth’s atmosphere – State of Solution (gas) Solvent: nitrogen (gas) Solute: oxygen(gas),Carbon dioxide(gas), argon(gas)

53. Examples of Common Solutions  Ocean Water – State of Solution (liquid) Solvent: water (liquid) Solute: salt(solid), Oxygen(gas), Carbon Dioxide(gas)  Brass – State of Solution (Solid) Solvent: copper (solid) Solute: Zinc (solid)