1. Morphology & Cell Biology of Bacteria
Siti Sarah Jumali (ext 2123)
Room 3/14

2. The basic morphology of a cell

3. the

4. 1. The Cell Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer: 2 surface layers of hydrophilic of polar head and inner layer of hydrophobic nonpolar tail.
Peripheral proteins: Function as enzyme scaffold for support and mediator for cell movement
Integral proteins: disrupting lipid bilayer. Other types known as transmembrane protein
Glycoprotein: protein attached to the carbohydrate
Glycolipid: Lipid attached to carbohydrate

5. Membrane structure
Fluid mosaic model

6. Characteristics of Lipid bilayer
Semi-permeable
Consists of : 1) hydrophilic
2) hydrophobic
Main function is to:
Protect cell (as outercovering)
Keep the things that are on the inside of a cell inside, and keep what things are outside the cell on the outside.
It allows some things, under certain situations, to cross the phospholipid bilayer to enter or exit the cell.

7. Function of the Cell Membrane
Protective outer covering for the cell.
Cell membrane anchors the cytoskeleton (a cellular 'skeleton' made of protein and contained in the cytoplasm) and gives shape to the cell.
Responsible for attaching the cell to the extracellular matrix (non living material that is found outside the cells), so that the cells group together to form tissues.
Transportation of materials needed for the functioning of the cell organelles without using cellular energy.
The protein molecules in the cell membrane receive signals from other cells or the outside environment and convert the signals to messages, that are passed to the organelles inside the cell.
In some cells, the protein molecules in the cell membrane group together to form enzymes, which carry out metabolic reactions near the inner surface of the cell membrane.
The proteins help very small molecules to get transported thru cell membrane, provided, the molecules are traveling from a region with lots of molecules to a region with less number of molecules.

8. The cell membrane Lies between two dark line
Lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
Lies between two dark line
Prokaryote have less sterol as compared to the eukaryote, causing rigid structure
Less-sterol wall in prokaryote is Mycoplasma
Taken with TEM

9. 2. The bacterial cell wall
Has peptidoglycan
Marks the difference between gram +ve and gram –ve bacteria

10. Peptidoglycan Polymer of disaccharide Also known as murein,
is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria (but not Archaea), forming the cell wall.
The sugar component consists of alternating residues of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).
Attached to the N-acetylmuramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.

12. 3. Cell wall of Gram negative and positive
Gram positive
Thin peptidoglycan
Thick peptidoglycan
Has outer membrane
Teichoic acid
Periplasmic space
Tetracycline sensitive
Penicillin sensitive
4 ring basal body
2-ring basal body
Disrupted by lysozyme
Disrupted by endotoxin

13. Gram positive and Gram negative

14. Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell walls
A, Gram positive bacterium thick peptidoglycan layer contains teichoic and lipoteichoic acids.
B, Gram negative bacterium thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids, and proteins. The periplasmic space between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes contains transport, degradative, and cell wall synthetic proteins. The outer membrane is joined to the cytoplasmic membrane at adhesion points and is attached to the peptidoglycan by lipoprotein links.

15. Peptidoglycan in Gram positive bacteria
Linked by polypeptides

16. Gram positive bacterial cell wall
Teichoic acid
- Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
- Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
May regulate movement of cations
Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation

17. Gram negative bacterial cell walls

18. Gram negative bacteria outer membrane
Lipopolysacharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids
Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane
Protection from phagocytes, complement and antibiotics
O-polysaccharide antigen e.g. E. coli O157:H7
Lipid A is an endotoxin
Porins (proteins) form channel through membrane

19. The Gram stain Mechanism
Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
Gram positive
- Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
- CV-I crystals do not leave
Gram negative
- Wall is lesser or
- Wall is made up of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)

20. Acid-fast organisms are difficult to characterize using standard microbiological techniques (e.g. Gram stain - if you gram stained an AFB the result would be an abnormal gram positive organism, which would indicate further testing), though they can be stained using concentrated dyes, particularly when the staining process is combined with heat. Once stained, these organisms resist the dilute acid and/or ethanol-based de-colorization procedures common in many staining protocols—hence the name acid-fast.

21. Atypical Cell Wall Acid-fast cell wall - e.g gram positive
- Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
- Mycobacterium
- Nocardia

22. Atypical Cell Wall Mycoplasmas - Lack cell walls
- Sterols in plasma membrane
Archaea
-Wall-less or Wallas of pseudomurein (lack Nam and D-amino acids)

23. Cell Wall-less Forms
Few bacteria are able to live or exist without a cell wall.
The mycoplasmas are a group of bacteria that lack cell wall.
Mycoplasmas have sterol-like molecules incorporated into their membranes and they are usually inhabitants of osmotically-protected environments.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the cause of primary atypical bacterial pneumonia, known in the vernacular as "walking pneumonia". For obvious reasons, penicillin is ineffective in treatment of this type of pneumonia. Sometimes, under the pressure of antibiotic therapy, pathogenic streptococci can revert to cell wall-less forms (called spheroplasts) and persist or survive in osmotically-protected tissues. When the antibiotic is withdrawn from therapy the organisms may regrow their cell walls and reinfect unprotected tissues.

24. Damage to the cell wall
(Gram –ve): Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan
(Gram +ve): Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
Protoplast is a wall-less cell
Spheroplast is a wall-less gram positive cell
- Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis
L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

25. External structures
Many bacteria have structures that extend beyond or surround cell wall
Flagella and pili extend from the cell membrane through the cell wall and beyond
Capsules and slime layers surround the cell wall

26. 4. Bacterial Cell Surface Structures
Arrangements of Bacterial Flagella
Monotrichous: Bacteria with a single flagellum located at one end (pole)
Amphitrichous: Bacteria with 2 flagella one at each end
Peritrichous: Bacteria with flagella all over the surface
Atrichous: Bacteria without flagella
Cocci shaped bacteria rarely have flagella

28. Polar Monotrichous flagellum
Vibriocholerae

29. Amphitrichous flagella arrangement
Spirillum

30. Lophotrichous flagella arrangement
Spirillum

31. Structure of flagella in gram –ve and +ve bacteria

32. Chemotaxis
Bacteria move away or towards subtances that are present in the environment through a nonrandom process
Positive chemotaxis: movement towards attractants (nutrients)
Negative chemotaxis: movement away from the repellent

33. Chemotaxis

34. Chemotaxis

35. Pili Pilus (singular) Tiny hollow projections
Used to attach bacteria to surfaces
Not involved in movement
Long conjugation
Short attachment pili (fimbriae)

36. E. coli (14,300X)

37. Glycocalyx Capsule & Slime Layer
Used to refer to all polysaccharide/polypeptide containing substances found external to cell wall
Capsule
Slime layers
All bacteria at least have thin small layer

38. 5. Glycocalyx Capsule Slime Layer
More firmly attached to the cell wall.
Have a gummy, sticky consistency and provide protection & adhesion to solid surfaces and to nutrients in the environment.
Bacteria that possess capsules are considered encapsulated, and generally have greater pathogenicity because capsules protect bacteria, even from phagocytic white blood cells of the immune system.
The adhesive power of capsules is also a major factor in the initiation of some bacterial diseases.
A glycocalyx is considered a slime layer when the glycoprotein molecules are loosely associated with the cell wall. Bacteria that are covered with this loose shield are protected from dehydration and loss of nutrients.

39. Capsule
Protective structure outside the cell wall of the organism that secretes it
Only certain bacteria are capable of forming capsules
Chemical composition of each capsule is unique to the strain of bacteria that secrete it
Encapsulated bacteria are able to evade host defense mechanism (phagocytosis)

40. Slime Layer
Less tightly bound to the cell wall and is usually thinner than the capsule
Protects the cell against drying, traps nutrients and binds cells together (biofilms)

41. Biofilms
A microbial community that usually forms slimy layer or hydrogel on a surface
Bacteria attracted by chemicals via quorum sensing
Composed of populations or communities of microorganisms adhering to environmental surfaces.
The microorganisms are usually encased in extracellular polysaccharide that they synthesize.
Can be found in sufficient moisture is present.
Their development is most rapid in flowing systems where adequate nutrients are available

42. Biofilms
Biofilm usually begins to form when free swimming bacterium attaches to a surface
Share nutrients
Shelter from harmful factors

43. Thoughts for the day..
What is the biofilm that forms on teeth called?

44. Case Study Delayed Bloodstream Infection Following Catheterization
Patients with indwelling catheters received contaminated heparin with Pseudomonas fluorescens
Bacterial numbers in contaminated heparin were too low to cause infection
84–421 days after exposure, patients developed infections

45. Questions?

46. Functions Of The Bacterial Envelope
Component(s)
   Structural Rigidity
   All.
   Packaging Of Internal Contents
   Permeability Barrier
   Outer membrane or plasma membrane.
   Metabolic Uptake
   Membranes and periplasmic transport
proteins, porins, permeases.
   Energy Production
   Plasma membrane.
   Adhesion To Host Cells
   Pili, proteins, teichoic acid.
   Immune Recognition By Host
   All outer structures.
   Escape From Host Recognition
   Capsule, M protein.
   Antibiotic Sensitivity
   Peptidoglycan synthetic enzymes.
   Antibiotic Resistance
   Outer membrane.
   Motility
   Flagella.
   Mating
   Pili.
   Adhesion