1. Evaluating Coagulants for Water Treatment Kari Duncan – City of Lake Oswego & Doug Wise – Eugene Water & Electric Board PNWS-AWWA Section Conference May 2, 2008

2. Overview  Varieties of Coagulants: Inorganic – Organic  Common Uses  Case Studies: EWEB – City of Lake Oswego

3. Entrance Strategy 1.Jar Test 2.Pilot Filter Evaluation 3.Cost Evaluation 4.½ Plant Scale Test

4. Entrance Strategy cont…. 5.Plant Scale Trial 6.Calculate “Real” Cost 7.Evaluation Step Operational Effectiveness Operational Effectiveness Look for Unintended Consequences Look for Unintended Consequences

5. Aluminum Sulfate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 · 14 H2O  Inorganic coagulants  aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride and ferric compounds  React with alkalinity to form positive ions which remove contaminants by adsorption.  Increasing turbidity  higher (sometimes dramatically higher) feed rates.

6. PACL (Polymeric Inorganic Coagulants)  “Generic” name that encompasses ACH, Sumaclear, Pass-C and others  Product variables: Basicity 50%  80 + % Basicity 50%  80 + % Al:Cl ratio Al:Cl ratio Al 2 O 3 content Al 2 O 3 content

7. PACL  A highly charged species that require little or no alkalinity to precipitate floc.  Due to the high charge of the PACL’s dose may not increase as much during increasing contaminant loading

8. PACL : ACH  PACL formula: Al2(OH) (X) Cl (6-x)  Al:Cl ratio increases as basicity increases  ACH ‘special type of PACL’ Al:Cl ratio of 2:1 Al:Cl ratio of 2:1 Basicity of 83% Basicity of 83% Al 2 O 3 content of 23% Al 2 O 3 content of 23%

9. Molecular Weight Comparison  Alum : max MW of 1,000  PACL: MW of 500 – 2,500  ACH: 4,000 – 5,000 (some up to 10,000)

10. Floc Size  Inorganic coagulants (Alum), and low basicity PACL form more voluminous, fragile floc.  With increasing charge, PACL tend to form smaller floc with greater density  ACH forms a very tight, dense floc

11. Typical dosages  Product sales advisors often quote an “Aluminum percentage ratio” For example, if the Al in the PACL is 4x that of Alum, they will cite an expected 25% of alum dosage.  50% basicity PACL; approx 80% of alum dosage  ACH: approx 33% of alum dosage.

12. Coagulation Control  Jar Mix  Pilot Filters  Stream Current Monitors  Zeta Potentiometers

13. Coagulant Control: Jar Test

14. Coagulant Control: Control Filters

15. Coagulant Control: Current Monitor

16. Coagulant Control  Jar Test: Remember to look for smaller denser floc due to high basicity denser floc due to high basicity when using high molecular when using high molecular weight products weight products  Control Filters  Streaming Current Monitor

17. Benefits  Increased filter runs  Reduced sludge generation  Sludge compacts / dewaters better  Greater turbidity removal capacity  Effective in low water temperatures  PACL does not lower pH

18. Check With Friends  Drinking Water Program  Bay Hills Water Association  City of Creswell  Garden Valley Water District  City of Lowell  City of Myrtle Point  City of Waldport  City of Yachats

19. Cautions What is in the “magic” elixir?

20. More Cautions!  PACL products range in grade and composition; test product(s) extensively before committing to their use.  Some products are sensitive to chlorine.  Products which form a suspension or generate sludge after only six months of storage are very low grade.

21. Case Study #1 Eugene Water & Electric Board’s Hayden Bridge Filtration Plant

23. EWEB  72 MGD Raw Water Flow (108 MGD in 2009)  McKenzie River Source  Direct Filtration (summer)  Conventional Filtration (winter)  Alum coagulant  Pre-chlorinate Cl 2 gas  50% Caustic: corrosion control

24. EWEB  7 month trial of “Sumaclear 1000” from Summit Research Lab  Used Sumaclear predominantly through 2006.  Trial examined cost and filter run times while maintaining existing filtered water turbidity goal of 0.035 NTU.

26. EWEB Field Results  Sumaclear 1000 dose was approximately 1/3 of Alum with low raw water turbidity.  With raw water turbidity above 4 ntu, Sumaclear 1000 was approximately 1/2 of Alum dose.  Experienced longer filter runs with Sumaclear.  Sumaclear resulted in an overall economic benefit (chemicals, wash water, sludge management) of approximately 20%.

27. EWEB Concerns  Some changes in distribution water quality coincided with Summaclear 1000 trials. * Apparent DBP increase * Small Lead and Copper increase (may no longer be “optimized)

28. EWEB Finds Fault A: We changed coagulant. B: Our system water quality changed. Therefore: the coagulant change made the system water quality change.

29. EWEB Review of JAWWA Article on Cl - / SO 4 Ratio Edwards & Triantafyllidou – July 2007 “…as the relative concentration of chloride to sulfate increased in a water supply, a utility was more likely to have a higher 90 th -percentile lead concentration.”

30. PACL : ACH  PACL formula: Al2(OH) (X) Cl (6-x)  Al:Cl ratio increases as basicity increases  ACH ‘special type of PACL’ Al:Cl ratio of 2:1 Al:Cl ratio of 2:1 Basicity of 83% Basicity of 83% Al 2 O 3 content of 23% Al 2 O 3 content of 23%

31. EWEB Not so fast….

32. There Are Other Considerations (EWEB)  Multiple changes in treatment variables at the time of test: Added 15 MG Clearwell (May 2003) Added 15 MG Clearwell (May 2003) Changed chlorination practice (May 2004) Changed chlorination practice (May 2004) Switched from Lime to Caustic (July 2004) Switched from Lime to Caustic (July 2004) Switched from Alum to Sumaclear 1000 (2005-2006) Switched from Alum to Sumaclear 1000 (2005-2006)

33. EWEB – Next Steps  Continue Monitoring.  Special Monitoring.  Make Gradual Treatment Changes.  Wait and Measure.

34. Case Study #2 City of Lake Oswego Water Treatment Plant

35. City of Lake Oswego Water Treatment Plant  16 MGD  Clackamas River Source  Direct Filtration Plant  Alum (Coagulant)  Pre-chlorinate with Hypochlorite  Lime: corrosion control

36. City of Lake Oswego  Feeds Alum alone during low turbidity.  Feeds a combination of Alum and Pass-C (Hydortech product) during high turbidity events.  Pass-C: Al = 5/4 % ?? Al = 5/4 % ?? Al2O3: 10.3% Al2O3: 10.3% Basicity: 55% Basicity: 55%

40. City of Lake Oswego Field Results  The use of Pass-C at 3 to 11 mg/L decreases Alum use by up to (75%)* during periods of high raw water turbidity.  The use of Pass-C at high turbidity prevents the need for Operators to add additional alkalinity.  Improves ease of operation  Cost differences appear to be nominal * Rough number

41. City of Lake Oswego Summary  Wide variety of products available.  Trial runs are very important.  Control your variables.  Perform a cost analysis.  Shop around and do your research.

42. Lessons Learned From Coagulant Trials Intuitive expectations may be erroneous.

43. Lessons Learned Changes in the distribution system may result from changes in treatment at the plant.

44. Lessons Learned Unknown, unreported and / or undocumented consequences may be common.

45. Lessons Learned Change only ONE thing at a time.

46. Lessons Learned  Wait  Measure  Interpret

47. Acknowledgements  Kari Duncan for her work in documenting these results.  Randy Prock for developing the data at Hayden Bridge.  The Operators at both plants for their patience and persistence.

48. Questions?