1. Long Term and Short Term Causes for WWI

2. Goal of Today Terms To Know Militarism Conscription Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
Black Hand
Gavrilo Princip
Schlieffen Plan (know assumptions and the outcomes)
Excitement to go off and fight

3. Militarism Militarism- the glorification of war and the military.
Countries began to increase military spending and by 1870 all major powers except Great Britain instituted conscription- the compulsory call up of civilians for military service and training.

4. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914 94
130
154
268
289
398
Increase in Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%

5. The British feared an attack on their Empire
Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships called Dreadnoughts.
When the British invented this type of battleship, Kaiser Wilhelm ordered the Germans to manufacturer it as well. This doubled the size of the German navy and challenged the British for supremacy.
The British feared an attack on their Empire

6. Significant Individuals 1.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Built up German army and navy
Aggressive foreign policy
Determined to make Germany a top nation.
Distrusted by other powers
“Germany must have its place in the sun”
“The world belongs to the strong.”

7. The Naval 'War Cabinet' of 1912
General von Moltke [head of the army] said: I believe war is unavoidable; war the sooner the better.   But we ought to do more to press to prepare the popularity of a war against Russia.   The Kaiser supported this.   Tirpitz [head of the navy] said that the navy would prefer to see the postponement of the great fight for one and a half years.
From the Diary of Admiral Muller, 8 December 1912
Some historians say that this proves that Germany was wanting war in 1912, although others say that it records a general discussion of no great significance

8. Alliances Triple Alliance Triple Entente
Alliances- agreements or promises to defend and help another country.
Triple Alliance Triple Entente
Germany Britain
Austria-Hungry France
Italy Russia
- By 1907 the great powers had aligned themselves. This meant that any minor conflict could result in a major conflict involving most of Europe.

11. Imperialism

12. Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

13. Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

14. Nationalism
Nationalism- having pride in your country, willing to defend it.

15. Land of Hope and Glory,
   mother of the free...
God who made thee mighty,
   make thee mightier yet.
The words of Land of Hope and Glory, written by the English composer Elgar and sung by British people at the Prom concerts every year.
Germany, Germany above all,
over everything in the world,
When it steadfastly holds together,
   offensively and defensively.
The words of the German national anthem, Deutschland uber Alles.

16. Example of Nationalism: Panslavism
It made the races ruled by Austria-Hungary (such as the Serbs) want to be free to rule themselves.   In the Balkans this was called ‘Panslavism’ because the people who wanted to be free were all Slav races.   The most nationalistic of all were the Serbs – Serbia had became an independent country by the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, but in 1900 many Serbs were still ruled by Turkey and Austria-Hungary, and Serbia was determined to rule over them all.   This led to rebellions and terrorism which destabilized the Balkans.  

17. The Spark: The Assassination
28 June 1914
Heir to Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo.
Capital of Bosnia, recently grabbed by Austria.
Bosnia was a hotbed of Slav nationalism

18. The Black Hand..
The main objective of the Black Hand was the creation, by means of violence, of a Greater Serbia.
Its stated aim was: "To realize the national ideal, the unification of all Serbs. This organization prefers terrorist action to cultural activities; it will therefore remain secret."

19. “Black Hand” terrorists attack the Arch Duke
When a bomb attempt failed in morning Gavrilo Princip, a member of the “Black Hand”, shoots Archduke and wife in the afternoon.
Austrians blame Serbia for supporting terrorists

21. Count Berchtold the Austrian Prime Minister.
Austrians, supported by Germany, send Serbia a tough ultimatum.
In it Austria demands that all anti- Austrian propaganda was to be crushed.
Austria Hungry would have the right to fire any Serbian official.
Austria Hungry would run the investigation of the assassination.
Serbia agrees to all but two terms of the ultimatum.--- Not good enough
Russia mobilises her troops to support Serbia
Germany demands that Russia stands her armies down.
Germany declares war on Russia
“Demands must be put to Serbia that would be wholly impossible for them to accept …”

22. A Way To Remember The Reasons for WWI
M. MILITARISM
A. ALLIANCES
I. IMPERIALISM
N. NATIONALISM
ASSISINATION

23. Off to War

24. This book is to be neither an accusation nor a confession, and least of all an adventure, for death is not an adventure to those who stand face to face with it. It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped shells, were destroyed by the war.”-- All Quiet on the Western Front

25. Numbers of Troops at Start of War
Germany- 2 million
France- 1.3 million
Austria/ Hungry- 450,000
Russia- 1.4 million
Great Britain- 120,000
None of the men nor their officers had any experience in European warfare.

26. Von Schlieffen's plan
German plans for the war were based upon the work of Germany Army Chief of Staff, Alfred von Schlieffen
He was asked to plan a way of preventing a war on two fronts.   
He believed that it was a priority to defeat France quickly, forcing them to surrender before Russia had a chance to mobilize her armed forces.
Von Schlieffen planned to take advantage of the much slower mobilization capabilities of the Russian military.
The plan called for pushing the bulk of the entire German army against France in a massive six-week campaign. Once France had been defeated, the German army would then quickly move to the Eastern front and face the Russians.

27. Assumptions of the Plan
Russia would take at least 6 weeks to mobilize.
France would be easily defeated in 6 weeks.
Belgium would not resist any German attack.
Britain would remain neutral.

28. The Reality
On 2nd August 1914, the German army invaded Luxembourg and Belgium according to the Schlieffen Plan.
The Germans were held up by the Belgium army, backed up by the BEF (British Expeditionary Force) which arrived extremely quickly.
Russia mobilized in just 10 days and Germany was forced to withdraw troops from the Schlieffen Plan to defend her eastern border.
Germany did not take the chance to take Paris, instead decided to attack east of the capital.  They were met by French at the battle of the Marne (5-11 Sept) which halted the German advance.

29. “Belgium is a country, not a road”
King Albert I of Belgium denied permission

30. Who are the two figures in the cartoon?’
No Thoroughfare' means 'No Way Through'. What does the cartoonist mean by this?
Compare the way the two figures are drawn.
Which one has the support of the cartoonist?
Is it possible to say whether this cartoon reflects public opinion in Britain at the time?
Do you think the cartoon might have influenced public opinion or government policy?

31. What an Adventure…

32. The Kaiser's war order is read on 1-Aug-1914
“””You will be home before the leaves have fallen from the trees!!” - Wilhelm

33. Civilians join German soldiers on their first mile's march towards Paris.

34. Heinrich Beutow- German Schoolboy
“My memories of those of a child of course. I was in a small German garrison town in 1914 and I remember very well the tremendous enthusiasm. Of course, we schoolboys were all indoctrinated with great patriotism when war broke out. My father was an active infantry officer and I shall never forget the day when they marched out to the trains. All the soldiers were decorated with flowers, there was no gun which did not show a flower. Even the horses I think were decorated. And of course all the people followed them. Bands playing, flags flying, a terrific sort of overwhelming conviction that Germany now would go into war and win it very quickly.”

35. “I suddenly realised that the ambition of my life has been - since I was two - to go on a military expedition against the Turks.“
Rupert Brooke, 1915

36. German soldiers on the "Paris Express"
German soldiers on the "Paris Express". The graffiti reads "on to Paris".

37. Berlin students on their way to enlist.

38. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

39. These care-free French troops would soon learn the realities of war in the industrial age.

40. French soldiers, also joined by civilians, on their way to Berlin.

42. Was War the Adventure they thought it was?