1. Translating Japanese Onomatopoeias and Mimesis New Research in Translation and Interpreting Studies October 20-21, 2006, Tarragona University of Granada Translation and Interpretation Dept. Hiroko INOSE

2. Structure of the presentation 1) Research question 2) Japanese onomatopoeias and mimesis 3) Methodology 4) Result and analysis 5) Conclusions

3. Research Question Which methods do translators adopt in translating Japanese onomatopoeias and mimesis into English and Spanish? Categorisation and comparison of various methods.

4. Japanese onomatopoeias and mimesis Onomatopoeias (giongo) - Words that imitate sounds: human / animal voices or inanimate sounds Mimesis (gitaigo) -Words that describe the states that do not produce sounds : emotions, movements or states of the things - Quite original feature of Japanese language

5. Japanese onomatopoeias and mimesis Very widely used in all levels of the language Effects: express subtle nuance of the phrase, give more life to the description of things Very similar in forms and considered as belonging to the same group of words/expressions, but mimesis have broader grammatical functions Normally adverbs. Mimesis sometimes function as verbs, adjectives and nouns as well. One of the challenges to the translators of Japanese literature

6. Japanese onomatopoeias and mimesis Just one example: warau (to laugh) NIKONIKO warau = to smile (m) KUSUKUSU warau = to chuckle, to giggle (o) GERAGERA warau = to roar with laughter (o) Creation of a verb from mimesis: add the generic verb, suru (to do) NIKONIKO suru = to smile, to beam (m) …and many other variations to express the nuance of the basic action

7. Japanese onomatopoeias and mimesis Forms: specific forms for onomatopoeias / mimesis. e.g: CVCVCVCV Sound symbolism: Hamano(1998), Tanno(2005)…association between certain syllables / their combinations and certain images New words easily created and immediately understood by native speakers

8. Methodology Material: Sputnik no koibito by Haruki Murakami (1999) and its translations into Spanish and English Author: possibly most famous Japanese contemporary writer, in and out of Japan. Novel: 16 chapters, 318 pages (original) Data: listing up onomatopoeic and mimetic expressions in the original, and translations of those phrases in Spanish / English versions

9. Methodology Categorising the data by: language, chapter, order of appearance, page, onomatopoeia / mimesis, word class (in the original) and method adopted for the translation (in the translations) Analysing the methods of translation

10. Results and Analysis 28 onomatopoeias and 267 mimesis (tot.295) Of which, 78.5% was adverbs in the original, but only 21.0% (Spanish) and 15.9% (English) in the translations. 9 methods of translation were identified: 1) adverbs 6) idioms 2) adjectives 7) onomatopoeias 3) verbs 8) words combinations 4) nouns 9) omissions or complete 5) paraphrases changes

11. Results and Analysis Some of the methods: require more effort of translators than the others Adverbs/adjectives : most frequent, both modifiers Verbs: verbs or adverbs in the original Nouns: by itself or with the preposition “con” or “with” (adverbial function ). And when there is no one word (of any word class) equivalent in its meaning…

12. Results and Analysis Paraphrases: explain the mimesis, but danger of having a redundant phrase, and impose translator’s interpretation. Cap.14-3 Original: Shikkari to dakishimete ageru beki datttanoda. (Should have held her tightly.) English: …then I should hold her, give her what comfort I could. Spanish…estrecharla fuertemente entre mis brazos…

13. Results and Analysis Onomatopoeias: some onomatopoeias in the original are translated by onomatopoeias of TL, but with less variety. Cap:11-13 Original: Pokipokipokipoki Spanish: ¡Crac!¡Crac!¡Crac!¡Crac! Cap: 11-28 Original : Kotsun. Spanish: ¡Crac!

14. Results and Analysis Words combinations: combine / repeat adjectives etc. Cap.1-1 Original : Kojinmari to shita shiritsu daigaku (small private college) English: …cosy little private college. Very effective, but the translator has to really understand the meaning of the mimesis

15. Results and Analysis Omissions: 19% in both translations -Not when those expressions carry the essential information of the phrases (e.g. as a verb), but only when used as modifiers. -Still, the omission can cause the loss of complimentary or important information. Effects: emphasis, visual descriptions, movements, emotions, sounds, nuance of the situations or personalities of the characters…

16. Results and Analysis Cap.8-15 Original: Sono te kara kara ni natta gurasu o sotto toriagete… (Softly taking her empty glass…) English:..taking her empty glass Spanish. …tomé de su mano la copa vacía.

17. Conclusion and Further Studies Of 9 methods identified, some (paraphrases, words combinations, idioms) show more clearly the effort of the translators. Omission causes the loss of complementary but possibly important information. Further studies: How are they translated in Manga, the media in which these expressions are used very heavily?