2. AP Biology 2006-2007 Nucleic acids

3. AP Biology 2006-2007 Nucleic Acids Information storage

4. AP Biology proteins DNA Nucleic Acids  Function:  genetic material  stores information  genes  blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  proteins  transfers information  blueprint for new cells  blueprint for next generation

5. AP Biology A A A A T C G C G T G C T

6. Nucleic Acids  Examples:  RNA (ribonucleic acid)  single helix  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)  double helix  Structure:  monomers = nucleotides RNADNA

7. AP Biology RNA & DNA  RNA  single nucleotide chain  DNA  double nucleotide chain  N bases bond in pairs across chains  spiraled in a double helix  double helix 1 st proposed as structure of DNA in 1953 by James Watson & Francis Crick (just celebrated 50th anniversary in 2003!)

8. AP Biology Information polymer  Function  series of bases encodes information  like the letters of a book  stored information is passed from parent to offspring  need to copy accurately  stored information = genes  genetic information Passing on information? Why is this important?

9. AP Biology Nucleotides  3 parts  nitrogen base (C-N ring)  pentose sugar (5C)  ribose in RNA  deoxyribose in DNA  phosphate (PO 4 ) group Are nucleic acids charged molecules? Nitrogen base I’m the A,T,C,G or U part!

10. AP Biology Types of nucleotides  2 types of nucleotides  different nitrogen bases  purines  double ring N base  adenine (A)  guanine (G)  pyrimidines  single ring N base  cytosine (C)  thymine (T)  uracil (U) Purine = AG Pure silver!

11. AP Biology Nucleic polymer  Backbone  sugar to PO 4 bond  phosphodiester bond  new base added to sugar of previous base  polymer grows in one direction  N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone Dangling bases? Why is this important?

12. AP Biology Pairing of nucleotides  Nucleotides bond between DNA strands  H bonds  purine :: pyrimidine  A :: T  2 H bonds  G :: C  3 H bonds Matching bases? Why is this important?

13. AP Biology Building the polymer

14. AP Biology DNA molecule  Double helix  H bonds between bases join the 2 strands  A :: T  C :: G H bonds? Why is this important?

15. AP Biology Copying DNA  Replication  2 strands of DNA helix are complementary  have one, can build other  have one, can rebuild the whole Matching halves? Why is this a good system?

16. AP Biology When does a cell copy DNA?  When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied?  cell reproduction  mitosis  gamete production  meiosis

17. AP Biology DNA replication “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” James Watson Francis Crick 1953

18. AP Biology Watson and Crick … and others… 1953 | 1962

19. AP Biology Maurice Wilkins… and… 1953 | 1962

20. AP Biology Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)

21. AP Biology Interesting note…  Ratio of A-T::G-C affects stability of DNA molecule  2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds  biotech procedures  more G-C = need higher T° to separate strands  high T° organisms  many G-C  parasites  many A-T (don’t know why)

22. AP Biology Another interesting note…  ATP Adenosine triphosphate ++  modified nucleotide  adenine (AMP) + P i + P i

23. AP Biology HELIXHELIX

24. AP Biology 2006-2007 Macromolecule Review

25. AP Biology Carbohydrates  Structure / monomer  monosaccharide  Function  energy  raw materials  energy storage  structural compounds  Examples  glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen glycosidic bond

26. AP Biology Lipids  Structure / building block  glycerol, fatty acid, cholesterol, H-C chains  Function  energy storage  membranes  hormones  Examples  fat, phospholipids, steroids ester bond (in a fat)

27. AP Biology Proteins  Structure / monomer  amino acids  levels of structure  Function  enzymes u defense  transport u structure  signals u receptors  Examples  digestive enzymes, membrane channels, insulin hormone, actin peptide bond

28. AP Biology Nucleic acids  Structure / monomer  nucleotide  Function  information storage & transfer  Examples  DNA, RNA phosphodiester bond